Theories of Personality 9Th Edition By Jess Feist – Test Bank

Theories of Personality 9Th Edition By Jess Feist – Test Bank

Chapter 08

Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis

1. Discuss Fromm’s basic assumptions about personality and include his three existential dichotomies.

Answer:

1. Fromm’s most fundamental assumption is that individual personality can be understood only in the light of human history.
2. Humans, unlike other animals, have been torn away from their prehistoric union with nature.
3. Having no powerful instincts to adapt to the world, humans have had to acquire the ability to reason. Fromm called this condition the “human dilemma.”
4. The humans ability to reason sets up three existential dichotomies to which people must react according to their individual personalities.
5. The first existential dichotomy is that between life and death. Although we desire life, our ability to reason tells us that we will die.
6. Second, we are capable of setting goals for individual growth that we know we can never reach.
7. Third, we recognize that we are ultimately alone, yet we cannot tolerate isolation.

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2. Discuss Fromm’s five human, or existential, needs.

Answer:

1. Our human dilemma cannot be satisfied by needs we have in common with animals. Only our human, or existential, needs can move us toward a reunification with the natural world.
2. Relatedness is the human need of uniting with another person or other persons. We can do this by (1) submission, (2) power, and (3) love.
3. Another existential need is transcendence, or the urge to rise above our passive and accidental existence. We can transcend our passive nature either by creating life or by destroying it.
4. A third human need is for rootedness, or the need to establish roots and to feel at home again in the world. We can either relate to the world creatively or become fixated and fail to move beyond our mother’s care.
5. A fourth human need is for a sense of identity, or the capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity. The productive component of this need is individuality; the nonproductive component is adjustment to the group.
6. The final existential need is a frame of orientation, or a road map to make our way through the world. The productive component of this need is rational goals; the nonproductive component is irrational goals.

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3. List and discuss Fromm’s nonproductive and productive character orientations.

Answer:

1. By character orientation, Fromm meant a person’s relatively permanent way of relating to people and things.
2. People relate to the world by acquiring and using things (assimilation) and by relating to self and others (socialization).
3. The four nonproductive orientations are: (1) receptive, (2) exploitative, (3) hoarding, and (4) marketing.
4. Receptive characters believe that all good lies outside themselves, so they relate to the world by receiving things, including love and material possessions.
5. Exploitative characters also feel that all good is outside themselves, but they act aggressively to take what they want.
6. Hoarding characters value things or people they have already obtained, so they hold on and do not let go of things and people.
7. Marketing characters are a relatively new orientation, having developed as an outgrowth of modern commerce. These personalities see themselves as being in constant demand and change their values to match whatever they think others want them to be.
8. The two productive orientations are love (socialization) and work (assimilation). Productive personalities possess biophilia, or a passionate love of life. Their work is directed toward attaining positive freedom.

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4. Fromm held that our culture’s current feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness stem from
5. the collective unconscious.
6. B. the rise of capitalism.
7. lack of religious values.
8. basic human nature.

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5. Which of the following factors influenced Fromm’s view of human nature?
6. Jewish family life
7. the suicide of a young woman
8. the extreme nationalism of the German people
9. D. All of the answers are correct.
10. None of the answers is correct.

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6. Fromm regarded his parents as
7. ideal models.
8. sinful individuals.
9. C. having neurotic personalities.
10. having been burdened by too many children.
11. overly religious.

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7. Fromm’s most basic assumption is that individual personality can be understood in the light of human
8. biology.
9. B.
10. geography.
11. literature.
12. determinism.

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8. According to Fromm, which of the following statements is true about the existential needs of humans?
9. They emerge during the evolution of human culture.
10. They grow out of people’s attempts to find answers to their existence.
11. They represent attempts to avoid insanity.
12. D. All of the answers are correct.
13. None of the answers is correct.

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9. For Fromm, the drive for union with another person or other persons reflects the human need of
10. transcendence.
11. rootedness.
12. a sense of identity.
13. a frame of orientation.
14. E. None of the answers is correct.

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10. According to Fromm, submission, power, and love are the three basic modes of
11. A.
12. transcendence.
13. existential dichotomies.
14. frame of orientation.

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11. According to Fromm, which of the following statements is true about a symbiotic relationship?
12. It is the ideal form of relatedness.
13. B. It is satisfying to participants.
14. It enhances growth toward integrity and psychological health.
15. None of the answers is correct.
16. All of the answers are correct.

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12. According to Fromm, which of the following terms is defined as the need for humans to rise above their passive animal existence through either creating or destroying life?
13. relatedness
14. B. transcendence
15. rootedness
16. a sense of identity
17. a frame of orientation

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13. In the context of the human needs of relatedness, identify a true statement about people in symbiotic relationships.
14. A. They seek power, which results in them being increasingly dependent on their partners.
15. They blame themselves for being unable to satisfy their own needs.
16. They are drawn to each other by a need that can be completely satisfied by such a partnership.
17. They are drawn to each other by love.

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14. From J. J. Bachofen, Fromm borrowed the idea that
15. malignant aggression underlies all human motivation.
16. early societies were patriarchal.
17. C. the mother was the central figure in early societies.
18. a sense of identity and a sense of communion with other people result in the human dilemma.

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15. Fromm believed that killing members of one’s species for reasons other than survival is peculiar to humans. He called such killings
16. transcendence.
17. B. malignant aggression.
18. the syndrome of decay.
19. existential identity.

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16. Fromm called the need to feel at home again in the world
17. relatedness.
18. transcendence.
19. C.
20. a sense of identity.
21. a frame of orientation.

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17. According to Fromm, which of the following terms is defined as the distinctively human need to develop a feeling of “I”?
18. self-awareness
19. B. a sense of identity
20. transcendence
21. a frame of orientation

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18. According to Fromm, which of the following terms is defined as the need for humans to develop a unifying philosophy or a consistent way of looking at things?
19. a feeling of rootedness
20. B. a frame of orientation
21. a sense of relatedness
22. a sense of transcendence

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19. According to Fromm, to keep one from going insane, one’s frame of orientation must include
20. consistent information.
21. inconsistent information.
22. C. a final goal.
23. a simple structure.

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20. Fromm believed that the lack of satisfaction of existential needs
21. has little effect on modern individuals.
22. leads to the development of willpower.
23. is unimportant in the postcapitalistic world.
24. can only be helped by psychotherapy.
25. E. eventuates in insanity for the individual.

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21. Fromm believed that humans, as the only animal to possess self-awareness, imagination, and reason, are the
22. masters of the universe.
23. real animal.
24. C. freaks of the universe.
25. children of destiny.

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22. In Fromm’s view, the burden of freedom results in
23. primal guilt.
24. narcissistic shame.
25. rootedness.
26. D. basic anxiety.

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23. Fromm asserted that as people gained more economic and political freedom, they felt more
24. A.
25. dominance.
26. transcendence.
27. malignant aggression.

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24. For Fromm, basic anxiety is a feeling of
25. malignant aggression.
26. B. being alone in the world.
27. being judged by others.
28. being unable to achieve one’s goals.

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25. Fromm believed that authoritarianism takes two forms
26. normal and neurotic.
27. fear and anxiety.
28. C. masochism and sadism.
29. obsessive and compulsive.

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26. According to Fromm, both masochism and sadism aim at
27. increasing basic anxiety through unity with others.
28. decreasing basic anxiety through destruction of others.
29. increasing basic anxiety through destruction of others.
30. D. decreasing basic anxiety through unity with others.

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27. According to Fromm, which of the following is not a sadistic tendency?
28. A. the need to accept criticism from others
29. the need to gain power over others
30. the need to exploit and use others
31. the desire to see others suffer
32. None of the answers is correct.

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28. In the context of the primary mechanisms of escape, identify a true statement about masochism.
29. It is characterized by strivings that contribute positively to authenticity.
30. B. It is characterized by strivings that are often disguised as love or loyalty.
31. It is aimed at joining the self to a less powerful person or institution.
32. It results from basic feelings of strength and superiority.

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29. According to Fromm, which of the following statements is true about people who use conformity as a mechanism of escape?
30. They lack authenticity and individuality.
31. They often behave in a stiff, predictable manner.
32. They lose their identity as unique individuals.
33. D. All of the answers are correct.

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30. Fromm contended that people can break the cycle of conformity and powerlessness only by
31. political revolution against authority.
32. rejecting existential needs.
33. adopting receptive orientation.
34. D. achieving positive freedom.

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31. For Fromm, positive freedom consists of
32. conforming to society’s rules.
33. choosing to accept authoritarianism.
34. doing what one wishes, with no regard for others.
35. seeking safety and security within the social structure.
36. E. spontaneously expressing emotional potentialities.

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32. Fromm believed that _____ is the successful solution to the human dilemma of being part of the natural world and yet separate from it.
33. conformity
34. B. positive freedom
35. authenticity
36. receptive awareness
37. political revolution

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33. Fromm held that the twin components of positive freedom are
34. hope and charity.
35. B. love and work.
36. duty and desire.
37. faith and spirituality.
38. productivity and marketing.

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34. In the context of the primary mechanisms of escape, identify a true statement about destructiveness.
35. Like authoritarianism, destructiveness is rooted in the feelings of strength and companionship.
36. Unlike sadism, destructiveness depends on a continuous relationship with another person.
37. C. By employing destructiveness, destructive people acquire a type of perverted isolation.
38. According to Erich Fromm, only nations can employ destructiveness as a mechanism of escape.

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35. According to Fromm, which of the following terms is defined as the relatively permanent system of all noninstinctual strivings through which man relates himself to the human and natural world?
36. A. character
37. transcendence
38. personality
39. reception

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36. In the context of nonproductive orientations, identify a true statement about receptive characters.
37. They feel that the source of all good lies within themselves.
38. They are preoccupied with showering other people with love, ideas, and gifts.
39. They aggressively take what they desire.
40. D. They are characterized by positive traits such as loyalty, acceptance, and trust.

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37. In the context of nonproductive orientations, identify a true statement about exploitative characters.
38. A. Unlike receptive characters, they are willing to express opinions that are usually pilfered.
39. They feel that the only way they can relate to the world is to receive things, including love, knowledge, and material possessions.
40. Unlike receptive people, they prefer passively receiving what they desire rather than aggressively taking it.
41. They are usually calm and self-restrained in their social relationships.

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38. Which of the following is a salient feature of exploitative people?
39. They tend to be self-effacing.
40. B. They tend to be egocentric.
41. They lack self-confidence.
42. They are cautious.

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39. According to Erich Fromm, rather than valuing things outside themselves, _____ seek to save that which they have already obtained.
40. receptive characters
41. exploitative characters
42. C. hoarding characters
43. marketing characters

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40. Fromm believed that people relate to the world in two basic ways
41. love and hate.
42. the receptive and the exploitative.
43. passively and actively.
44. D. assimilation and socialization.

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41. According to Fromm, the exploitative character, like the receptive character,
42. is a productive orientation.
43. achieves positive freedom.
44. seeks to preserve that which has already been obtained.
45. is an outgrowth of modern capitalism.
46. E. sees the source of good as outside himself or herself.

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42. Nell is careful with her money and rarely shares her thoughts or emotions with others. Her behavior illustrates Fromm’s _____ orientation.
43. marketing
44. B. hoarding
45. receptive
46. exploitative

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43. In the context of nonproductive orientations, _____ keep money, feelings, and thoughts to themselves and prefer holding everything inside instead of letting go.
44. marketing characters
45. receptive characters
46. exploitative characters
47. D. hoarding characters

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44. From her salary as an elementary school teacher, Jennifer has accumulated a very large bank account. In addition, she has seldom thrown away any of her teaching aids. It thus appears that Jennifer has Fromm’s _____ orientation.
45. receiving
46. B. hoarding
47. marketing
48. exploiting

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45. According to Erich Fromm, hoarding people are characterized by a lack of
46. punctuality.
47. cleanliness.
48. orderliness.
49. D.

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46. In the context of nonproductive orientations, which of the following statements is true about hoarding characters?
47. A. They are excessively orderly, stubborn, and miserly.
48. In a love relationship, they allow the loved one to change and the relationship to grow.
49. They tend to live in the present and are attracted to new things.
50. Erich Fromm believed that their anal traits are a result of sexual drives.

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47. According to Erich Fromm, _____ play many roles and are guided by the motto “I am as you desire me.”
48. hoarding characters
49. B. marketing characters
50. exploitative characters
51. receptive characters

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48. Fromm’s hoarding character is similar to Freud’s _____ character.
49. hysterical
50. oral
51. C. anal
52. phallic

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49. Fromm believed that the _____ orientation is an outgrowth of modern commerce.
50. productive
51. receptive
52. exploitative
53. D. marketing
54. hoarding

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50. In Fromm’s view, the marketing character’s personal value is dependent upon the ability to
51. drive a hard bargain.
52. earn a profit.
53. C. sell himself or herself to others.
54. preserve his or her possessions.
55. cash a check.

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51. For Fromm, healthy people value work as
52. an end in itself rather than a means.
53. a source of money.
54. a source of anxiety.
55. D. a means of creative self-expression.

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52. Fromm called the healthy individual’s passionate love of life and all living things
53. libido.
54. Eros.
55. C.
56. megaphilia.
57. life lust.

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53. Fromm believed that healthy people’s survival is dependent on
54. the productive orientation.
55. one productive and one nonproductive orientation.
56. all four unproductive orientations.
57. D. some combination of all character orientations.

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54. According to Fromm, which of the following statements is true about psychologically disturbed people?
55. They received too much love from their mothers.
56. B. They have failed to establish union with others.
57. They have failed to resolve their normal Oedipus complex.
58. None of the answers is correct.
59. All of the answers are correct.

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55. Fromm used the term “necrophilia” to refer to
56. a sexual perversion involving contact with animals.
57. a sexual perversion involving contact with feces.
58. a sexual perversion involving contact with a corpse.
59. an irrational desire to die.
60. E. any attraction to death.

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56. Tracy perceives everything that belongs to her as valuable and everything that belongs to others as having little value. Fromm would say Tracy is suffering from
57. necrophilia.
58. B. malignant narcissism.
59. incestuous symbiosis.
60. moral hypochondriasis.
61. existential dilemma.

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57. Omar is preoccupied with guilt about his previous transgressions. Fromm would say that Omar is suffering from
58. hypochondriasis.
59. B. moral hypochondriasis.
60. incestuous symbiosis.
61. necrophilia.
62. malignant aggression.

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58. Lorilee, a college junior, is extremely dependent on her mother to make both major and minor decisions for her. According to Fromm, Lorilee’s behavior is characterized by
59. necrophilia.
60. moral hypochondriasis.
61. C. incestuous symbiosis.
62. the syndrome of decay.
63. symbiotic nurturing.

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59. Fromm’s syndrome of decay consists of all the following except
60. A. malignant aggression.
61. malignant narcissism.
62. necrophilia.
63. incestuous symbiosis.

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60. Fromm believed that the therapist should try to understand the patient by using
61. a scientific attitude.
62. objective psychological tests.
63. projective tests.
64. D. an attitude of relatedness.

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61. What was the most common character type found in Fromm’s research on social character in a Mexican village?
62. productive-marketing
63. B. nonproductive-receptive
64. productive-hoarding
65. unproductive-exploitative
66. productive-exploitative

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62. In the context of Erich Fromm’s anthropological study of life in a Mexican village, which of the following statements is true about productive-hoarding characters?
63. They accumulated capital by taking advantage of new agricultural technology as well as a recent increase in tourism.
64. They tended to look up to others and devoted much energy in trying to please those whom they regarded as superiors.
65. C. They usually farmed their own plot of land and relied on saving part of each crop for seed and for food in the event of a future crop failure.
66. They took advantage of the nonproductive-receptive villagers by keeping them economically dependent.

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63. Fromm regarded Adolf Hitler as the world’s most conspicuous example of a person suffering from
64. psychoses.
65. moral hypochondriasis.
66. the existential dilemma.
67. a receptive orientation.
68. E. the syndrome of decay.

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64. Fromm suggested that Hitler’s obsession with the “superiority” of the German people reflected
65. A. incestuous symbiosis.
66. receptive orientation.
67. malignant narcissism.
68. necrophilic orientation.

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65. According to Fromm, Hitler’s neurotic need to annihilate his enemies demonstrated
66. incestuous symbiosis.
67. receptive orientation.
68. malignant narcissism.
69. D. necrophilic orientation.

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66. Fromm’s concept of humanity includes the notion that
67. people are basically evil.
68. B. people are the freaks of nature.
69. most people achieve positive freedom.
70. personality is shaped largely by experiences during childhood and preadolescence.

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