The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition By David C. Funder – Test Bank

The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition By David C. Funder – Test Bank

Chapter 06: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt?

a.

single-trait

c.

essential-trait

b.

many-trait

d.

typological

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

OBJ: 6.1 MSC: Applying

2. A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of trait variation that characterize whole persons is using a ________ approach.

a.

single-trait

c.

configural

b.

Typological

d.

many-trait

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

OBJ: 6.1 MSC: Analyzing

3. A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach.

a.

single-trait

c.

essential-trait

b.

many-trait

d.

typological

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

OBJ: 6.1 MSC: Analyzing

4. A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a ________ approach.

a.

single-trait

c.

essential-trait

b.

many-trait

d.

typological

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

OBJ: 6.1 MSC: Analyzing

5. People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________.

a.

ego resilient; ego controlled

b.

ego controlled; ego resilient

c.

high self-monitors; low self-monitors

d.

low self-monitors; high self-monitors

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Remembering

6. When compared to high self-monitors, people who score low in self-monitoring tend to ________.

a.

perform better in job interviews

b.

use strategies to influence coworkers

c.

be willing to lie to get a date

d.

masturbate less often

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Remembering

7. Low self-monitors are more likely than high self-monitors to be described as ________.

a.

talkative

c.

having social poise and presence

b.

self-dramatizing

d.

independent

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Understanding

8. Research on ________ addresses important questions concerning the way that inner reality and the private self relate to external reality and the self as presented to others.

a.

authoritarianism

c.

self-monitoring

b.

introversion and extraversion

d.

conscientiousness

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Understanding

9. Given Snyder’s description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring.

a.

harder to judge

c.

less depressed

b.

easier to judge

d.

less conscientious

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Understanding

10. According to recent research about personality and energy drink preferences, those high in self-monitoring would likely prefer which brand of energy drink in a consumer taste test study?

a.

Superstar Energy

c.

Energy Enhancer

b.

Acme Energy Drink

d.

Energy for You

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Applying

11. Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder’s theory, Julie would most likely be ________.

a.

a high self-monitor

c.

high in private self-consciousness

b.

a low self-monitor

d.

low in public self-consciousness

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Self-Monitoring

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Applying

12. Which trait is associated with obsessive effort into hairstyles and clothing?

a.

conscientiousness

c.

narcissism

b.

self-monitoring

d.

authoritarianism

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Narcissism

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Remembering

13. Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one most responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior?

a.

leadership/authority

c.

entitlement/exploitativeness

b.

self-sufficiency

d.

self-esteem

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Narcissism

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Understanding

14. Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?

a.

conscientiousness

c.

narcissism

b.

self-monitoring

d.

authoritarianism

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Narcissism

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Applying

15. Which of the following is NOT a currently discussed explanation for narcissistic behavior?

a.

Narcissists are struggling to maintain an unrealistic self-concept.

b.

Narcissists have trouble controlling impulses.

c.

Narcissists are motivated by power and prestige and use certain strategies to attain these goals.

d.

Narcissists are actually shy and timid but believe that these traits reflect personal weaknesses.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Single-Trait Approach: Narcissism

OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Analyzing

16. The items in the California Q-Set were derived from ________.

a.

a quantitative factor analysis

b.

a biologically based model of personality

c.

Allport and Odbert’s original list of trait terms from everyday language

d.

efforts by researchers to develop an adequate list of items

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Many-Trait Approach: The California Q-Set

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Remembering

17. The ________ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards, each of which describes an aspect of personality. These cards are sorted into categories by the respondent.

a.

California F scale

c.

California Q-Set

b.

self-monitoring scale

d.

NEO Personality Inventory

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Many-Trait Approach: The California Q-Set

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Remembering

18. The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________.

a.

allows the judge to rate the target person consistently high or low on every trait

b.

does not require the judge to make subtle discriminations between trait ratings

c.

can only be used by trained clinicians, thus preventing problems with untrained judges

d.

forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: The California Q-Set

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Understanding

19. A researcher taking the many-trait approach to understanding personality would likely use which of the following measurement instruments?

a.

California F scale

c.

the NEO-PI neuroticism scale

b.

California Q-Set

d.

self-monitoring scale

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Many-Trait Approach: The California Q-Set

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Applying

20. Which of the following behaviors is an example discussed in the textbook of the many-trait approach?

a.

word use

c.

bullying

b.

drug use

d.

technology use

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Word Use

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Remembering

21. The most important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the________.

a.

general patterns that emerge

c.

wording of specific items

b.

exact value of the correlations

d.

smallest correlation

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Word Use

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Understanding

22. Fast and Funder (2008) found that using words like “guarantee” was correlated .21 with “has a high aspiration for self.” Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this finding?

a.

Participants who used the word “guarantee” were very likely to also have high aspirations.

b.

Participants who used the word “guarantee” were very unlikely to also have high aspirations.

c.

Participants who used the word “guarantee” were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations.

d.

Participants who used the word “guarantee” were slightly less likely to also have high aspirations.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Word Use

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Understanding

23. Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life story, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent.

a.

absolutely

c.

positivity

b.

smart

d.

mindfully

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Word Use

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Applying

24. Mani is seriously depressed at age 18. Research using the Q-sort suggests that as a child, he probably would have been described as ________.

a.

aggressive

c.

undercontrolled

b.

overcontrolled

d.

egocentric

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Depression

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Applying

25. Sally is seriously depressed at age 18. Research using the Q-sort suggests that as a child, she probably would have been described as ________.

a.

aggressive

c.

undercontrolled

b.

overcontrolled

d.

egocentric

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Depression

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Applying

26. According to a relatively recent study, which of the following is one of the reactions of individuals high on right-wing authoritarianism when playing experimental games?

a.

They are less likely to obey an experimenter’s commands.

b.

They seek to win at all costs.

c.

They experience more positive emotions than non-authoritarians.

d.

They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Political Orientation

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Remembering

27. Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as ________ at age 3.

a.

self-reliant and energetic

b.

guilty and anxious

c.

maintaining close relationships

d.

emotionally unstable and aggressive

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Political Orientation

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Remembering

28. Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and conservatives?

a.

harm/care

c.

authority/respect

b.

in-group loyalty

d.

purity

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Many-Trait Approach: Political Orientation

OBJ: 6.3 MSC: Analyzing

29. What is another name for ego resiliency?

a.

psychological adjustment

c.

extraversion

b.

self-monitoring

d.

self-control

ANS: A DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.4 MSC: Remembering

30. What is another name for ego control?

a.

psychological adjustment

c.

emotional stability

b.

self-monitoring

d.

self-control

ANS: D DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.4 MSC: Remembering

31. What are essential traits according to Jack Block?

a.

neuroticism/extraversion

b.

negative emotionality/positive emotionality

c.

stability/plasticity

d.

ego control/ego resiliency

ANS: D DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.4 MSC: Remembering

32. What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck?

a.

neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience

b.

neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism

c.

ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment

d.

positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint

ANS: B DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Remembering

33. What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen?

a.

neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience

b.

neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism

c.

ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment

d.

positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint

ANS: D DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Remembering

34. Which essential trait theorist developed a model with the strongest ties to psychoanalytic ideas?

a.

Jack Block

c.

Auke Tellegen

b.

Hans Eysenck

d.

Raymond Cattell

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Remembering

35. A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach.

a.

single-trait

c.

essential-trait

b.

many-trait

d.

typological

ANS: C DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Understanding

36. According to Jack Block, ego ________ gets people into trouble, but ego ________ gets people out of trouble.

a.

undercontrol; overcontrol

c.

overcontrol; undercontrol

b.

resiliency; overcontrol

d.

undercontrol; resiliency

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Applying

37. Positive emotionality in Tellegen’s three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck’s model?

a.

extraversion

c.

psychoticism

b.

openness to experience

d.

neuroticism

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Analyzing

38. Negative emotionality in Tellegen’s three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck’s model?

a.

extraversion

c.

psychoticism

b.

openness to experience

d.

neuroticism

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.5 MSC: Analyzing

39. Factor analyses are mostly based on which of the following pieces of information?

a.

researchers’ judgments

c.

thematic apperception tests

b.

superfactors

d.

correlation matrices

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.8 MSC: Remembering

40. Which of the following terms describes the result of Raymond Cattell’s factor analysis, which revealed 16 factors?

a.

underextraction

c.

superfactors

b.

overextraction

d.

facets

ANS: B DIF: Difficult

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: Reducing the Many to a Few

OBJ: 6.8 MSC: Understanding

41. Sally is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality?

a.

the dictionary

b.

by observing the personalities of nonhuman animals

c.

Eysenck’s theories

d.

ancient Greek medical texts

ANS: A DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.5

MSC: Applying

42. According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________.

a.

Intelligence

c.

emotional intelligence

b.

Agreeableness

d.

conscientiousness

ANS: D DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

43. Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes?

a.

neuroticism

c.

openness

b.

authoritarianism

d.

conscientiousness

ANS: D DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

44. According to a recent study described in the textbook, which trait has been linked to a decrease in life satisfaction following a bout of unemployment?

a.

agreeableness

c.

narcissism

b.

conscientiousness

d.

self-monitoring

ANS: B DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

45. Which trait is linked to reduced creativity in group problem-solving tasks?

a.

narcissism

c.

conscientiousness

b.

openness

d.

self-monitoring

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

46. According to the text, tests of conscientiousness seem to predict ________ better than they predict ________.

a.

employee thefts; supervisors’ ratings of job performance

b.

job satisfaction; employee thefts

c.

supervisors’ ratings of job performance; employee thefts

d.

criminal behavior; job behavior

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

47. Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions?

a.

neuroticism

c.

conscientiousness

b.

extraversion

d.

openness

ANS: B DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

48. Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience negative emotions?

a.

neuroticism

c.

conscientiousness

b.

extraversion

d.

openness

ANS: A DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

49. Which Big Five domain is related to less smoking?

a.

psychoticism

c.

agreeableness

b.

extraversion

d.

openness

ANS: C DIF: Difficult

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

50. Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and “difficult to grasp”?

a.

neuroticism

c.

psychoticism

b.

extraversion

d.

openness

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

51. According to recent research, which trait seems to be related to quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses?

a.

agreeableness

c.

conscientiousness

b.

neuroticism

d.

openness

ANS: A DIF: Difficult

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

52. Which trait is most closely linked with dominance?

a.

agreeableness

c.

conscientiousness

b.

neuroticism

d.

extraversion

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

53. Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the most inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication?

a.

agreeableness

c.

psychoticism

b.

extraversion

d.

openness

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

54. Based on research, the resident of which of these cities will probably score the highest on openness?

a.

Des Moines, Iowa

c.

Chicago, Illinois

b.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

d.

Miami, Florida

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

55. Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called plasticity. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?

a.

conscientiousness and extraversion

b.

openness and neuroticism

c.

extraversion and openness

d.

neuroticism and agreeableness

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

56. Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called stability. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?

a.

extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness

b.

extraversion, openness, conscientiousness

c.

neuroticism, openness, agreeableness

d.

neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Remembering

57. Which of the following traits is largely independent of integrity tests?

a.

openness

c.

emotional stability

b.

agreeableness

d.

conscientiousness

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Understanding

58. The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ________.

a.

higher your score is on agreeableness

b.

higher your score is on neuroticism

c.

higher your score is on self-monitoring

d.

lower your score is on authoritarianism

ANS: B DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Understanding

59. In order to alleviate the effects of bias in employment testing, employers might want to use ________ because they typically do not show racial or ethnic differences.

a.

aptitude tests

c.

tests of conscientiousness

b.

ability tests

d.

achievement tests

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Applying

60. Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________.

a.

the same Big Five are found in all cultures that have been studied to date

b.

none of the factors appears to replicate cross-culturally

c.

the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences

d.

some of the U.S. factors are found in studies using European samples, but none of the U.S. factors are found in studies of Asian samples

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Applying

61. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness?

a.

high IQ

c.

educational level

b.

avoidance of risks

d.

longevity

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.6

MSC: Analyzing

62. Though some researchers disagree, after over 60 years of research, most personality psychologists think there are how many essential personality factors?

a.

3

c.

5

b.

4

d.

6

ANS: C DIF: Easy

REF: The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond OBJ: 6.8

MSC: Remembering