The Color of Justice Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America , 6th Edition By Samuel Walker – Test Bank

The Color of Justice Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America , 6th Edition By Samuel Walker – Test Bank

CHAPTER 8 TEST BANK

The Color of Death: Race and the Death Penalty

Multiple Choice

8.1 In 2003, the governor of __________ commuted the sentences of all of the state’s death row inmates to life in prison because of his concerns for systemic error.

1. Kentucky c. Illinois
2. Virginia d. Missouri

ANS: C

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.04

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.2 Cruel and unusual punishments are prohibited by the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

1. Fourth c. Fifth
2. Sixth d. Eighth

ANS: D

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.3 In _____ the Supreme Court banned execution of those who were under age 18 at the time of their crime.

1. 1972 c. 2005
2. 1977 d. 2002

ANS: C

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.4 As a result of __________, the death penalty statutes in 39 states were invalidated.

1. Furman v. Georgia (1972) c. Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
2. Coker v. Georgia (1977) d. Roberts v. Louisiana (1976)

ANS: A

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.5 In ____ the Supreme Court banned imposing the death penalty on a defendant convicted of rape.

1. Furman v. Georgia (1972) c. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
2. Coker v. Georgia (1977) d. Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

ANS: B

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.6 __________ banned executing those with intellectual disabilities.

1. Furman v. Georgia (1972) c. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
2. Coker v. Georgia (1977) d. Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

ANS: D

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.7 In Gregg v. Georgia court noted that public opinion and ______ _______ were in favor of the death penalty.

1. federal judges c. the president
2. police officers d. state legislators

ANS: D

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.8 __________ affirmed the use of guided discretion in death penalty statutes.

1. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) c. Tison v. Arizona (1987)
2. Gregg v. Georgia (1976) d. Roberts v. Louisiana (1976)

ANS: B

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.9 The death penalty may be used for an offender convicted of felony murder if the person:

1. was present at the time of the crime and shows no remorse
2. played a major role in the crime and displayed “reckless indifference to the value of human life.
3. pulled the trigger
4. knew about the crime before it was committed and didn’t tell anyone

ANS: C

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.10 __________ directly addressed the issue of victim-based racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty.

1. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) c. Tison v. Arizona (1987)
2. Gregg v. Georgia (1976) d. Roberts v. Louisiana (1976)

ANS: A

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.11 The collective cases of the Martinsville Seven are especially noteworthy because they were the first cases in which the defendants:

1. were prohibited from introducing empirical evidence of racial discrimination in the administration of the death penalty.
2. introduced empirical evidence of the possibility that racial discrimination existed in the administration of the death penalty.
3. explicitly argued that the death penalty was administered in a racially discriminatory manner.
4. successfully appealed their convictions by demonstrating racial discrimination in the administration of the death penalty.

ANS: C

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.12 The U.S. House of Representatives responded to McCleskey v. Kemp by adding the __________ to the Omnibus Crime Bill of 1994.

1. Justice for All Act c. Innocence Protection Act
2. Racial Justice Act d. Death Penalty Reform Act

ANS: B

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.13 The __________ prohibits the destruction of DNA evidence in federal criminal cases while a defendant remains incarcerated.

1. Justice for All Act c. Innocence Protection Act
2. Racial Justice Act d. Death Penalty Reform Act

ANS: C

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.14 The __________ provides funding to states to help defray the costs of post-conviction DNA testing.

1. Justice for All Act c. Innocence Protection Act
2. Racial Justice Act d. Death Penalty Reform Act

ANS: C

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.15 The U.S. Supreme Court condemned “arbitrary and wanton jury discretion” in:

1. Furman v. Georgia (1972) c. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
2. Coker v. Georgia (1977) d. Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

ANS: A

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.16 In ____ the Court ruled that the execution of someone who is intellectually disabled is cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

1. 2002 c. 1990
2. 2005 d. 1996

ANS: A

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.17 In ____ the Court took up the issue of lethal injection, ruling that Kentucky’s 3-drug protocol for administering lethal injection did not amount to cruel and unusual punishment under the 8^th Amendment.

1. 2001 c. 2008
2. 2005 d. 2010

ANS: C

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.04

KEYWORDS:

8.18 In 2005 the Court ruled that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were younger than ___ when their crimes were committed.

1. 18 c. 21
2. 17 d. 16

ANS: A

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS:

8.19 Although the exoneration of death row inmates and subsequent decisions to impose a moratorium on executions, led to a decline in support, in October 2014, __ percent of Americans still reported that they favored the death penalty for people convicted of murder.

1. 45 c. 75
2. 55 d. 63

ANS: D

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.04

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.20 Researchers have raised questions about poll results concerning support for the death penalty, suggesting that such support is not absolute but depends on such things as the circumstances of the case, the character of the defendant, or:

1. the alternative punishments that are available
2. the educational background of the victim
3. the time of year the crime occurred
4. the location of the crime

ANS: A

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18-08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.21 Bowers found that about ______ of survey respondents, along with 80 percent of jurors in capital cases, agreed that “the death penalty is too arbitrary because some people are executed and others are sent to prison for the very same crimes.”

1. half c. three-quarters
2. a quarter d. 90 percent

ANS: C

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.22 A 2007 Gallup poll found that 70 percent of whites and __ percent of African Americans expressed support for the death penalty.

1. 20 c. 60
2. 40 d. 80

ANS: B

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.23 Fifty-nine percent of whites and ­­__ percent of African Americans stated that they believed the death penalty was applied fairly.

1. 15 c. 40
2. 32 d. 70

ANS: B

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.24 In the Supreme Court’s decision in Furman v. Georgia ­­­____ of the five justices in the majority mentioned the problem of racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty.

1. 1 c. 3
2. 2 d. 4

ANS: C

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.25 ____________of racial discrimination in the capital sentencing process has been used to mount constitutional challenges to the imposition of the death penalty.

1. Faulty evidence c. Anecdotal evidence
2. Public opinion d. Empirical evidence

ANS: D

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Understanding

True/False

8.26 The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits “cruel and unusual punishments.”

1. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.27 In 1991, the Supreme Court denied McCleskey’s claim, asserting that the issue

should have been raised in his first appeal.

1. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.28 Justice Thurgood Marshall suggested that public opinion data demonstrating widespread support for the death penalty should be given little weight in determining whether capital punishment is consistent with “evolving standards of decency.”

1. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.29 There is little evidence of geographic variation in support for the death penalty explained by social context.

1. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.30 There is extensive evidence that those who murder whites, and particularly African Americans who murder whites, are sentenced to death and executed at disproportionately high rates.

1. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.31 Several studies suggest that African Americans, and particularly

African-Americans who murdered or raped whites, were “singled out for more severe

punishment” in the post-Furman era.

1. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.32 Numerous studies clearly indicate that Hispanics have been sentenced to death and executed “in numbers far out of proportion to their numbers in the population.”

1. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.33 Studies of the use of capital punishment for the crime of rape reveal overt and pervasive discrimination against African Americans in the pre-Furman era.

1. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.34 The Death Penalty Act of 1994 reduced the number of federal offenses to the list of capital crimes by 20 offenses.

1. True b. False

ANS: B

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.35 Convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was the first federal offender after 1963 to be put to death.

1. True b. False

ANS: A

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Remembering

Fill-In

8.36 In 2003, the governor of __________ commuted the sentences of all of the state’s death row inmates to life in prison because of his concerns for systemic error.

ANS: Illinois

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS:

8.37 Cruel and unusual punishments are prohibited by the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

ANS: Eighth

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.38 Roper v. Simmons (2005) banned execution of those who were under age _____ at the time of their crime.

ANS: 18

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.39 Coker v. Georgia (1977) banned imposing the death penalty on a defendant convicted of __________.

ANS: rape

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.40 Gregg v. Georgia (1976) established the use of __________ discretion in death penalty statutes.

ANS: guided

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.41 Concerns about fairness and discrimination in the capital sentencing process

prompted death penalty opponents to call not for procedural reforms but for a

____________on executions in the United States.

ANS: moratorium

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.04

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.42 McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) considered whether _______ evidence was sufficient to demonstrate the presence of racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty.

ANS: statistical

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Understanding

8.43 The U.S. House of Representatives responded to McCleskey v. Kemp by adding the __________ Justice Act to the Omnibus Crime Bill of 1994.

ANS: Racial

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.44 The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides funding to states to help defray the costs of post-conviction __________ testing.

ANS: DNA

REF: The Death Penalty In The Twenty-First Century

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Remembering

8.45 In Furman v. Georgia (1972), the U.S. Supreme Court condemned “arbitrary and wanton jury __________.”

ANS: discretion

REF: The Constitutionality Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.01

KEYWORDS: Understanding

Essay

8.46 Justice Marshall suggested that if the general public knew all of the facts of how the death penalty is implemented they would not support it. Evaluate his statement in light of the research presented in the chapter.

ANS:

REF: McClesky v. Kemp: The Supreme Court And Racial Discrimination In The Application Of The Death Penalty

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Evaluating

8.47 Explain why the U.S. Supreme Court found the post-Furman mandatory death penalty statutes enacted by North Carolina and Louisiana to be unconstitutional.

ANS:

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.03

KEYWORDS: Evaluating

8.48 Why do so many commentators believe that public opinion polls about attitudes toward the death penalty are so problematic? How might we revise poll questions to eliminate some of these problems?

ANS:

REF: Attitudes Towards Capital Punishment

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Applying

8.49 Is there evidence discrimination in death penalty sentencing today? Be sure to outline the evidence both supporting and opposing your viewpoint in your response

ANS:

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.04

KEYWORDS: Evaluating

8.50 Describe the steps in the federal capital sentencing process in the post-Furman era. Has this process resolved racial disparities in death penalty sentencing on the federal level? Provide evidence to support your claims.

ANS:

REF: Race And The Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence

LO: 18.08.02

KEYWORDS: Understanding