Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition By Schaefer – Test Bank

Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition By Schaefer – Test Bank

Chapter 07

Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

Multiple Choice Questions

1. One of the major themes revealed from Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore’s Eastern District was that
   A.there is a clear line separating illegal activities and deviant behavior.
   B. crime is functional in its subculture and helps to provide stability.
   C. patrolling confirmed many of the stereotypes held about the neighborhood.
   D. gang-related thefts was the neighborhood’s major preoccupation.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Define and explain the elements of social control.
Topic: Crime
Question Category: Information

2. The term social control refers to
   A.justifications for deviant behavior.
   B. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
   C. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
   D. behavior that violates the norms of a group.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Define and explain the elements of social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition

3. Sanctions are defined as
   A.penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
   B. justifications for deviant behavior.
   C. rules made by a government.
   D. a loss of direction when the social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Define and explain the elements of social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition

4. Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive’s arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)
   A.norm.
   B. folkway.
   C. formal sanction.
   D. informal sanction.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Application-Concept

5. An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)
   A.formal sanction.
   B. value.
   C. informal sanction.
   D. norm.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Punishment
Question Category: Application-Concept

6. Clyde is imprisoned for “tagging,” or “visual terrorism.” The arrest is an example of a(n)
   A.formal sanction.
   B. value.
   C. informal sanction.
   D. norm.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Punishment
Question Category: Application-Concept

7. Historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion, gender, age, or sexual orientation have been difficult to implement because
   A.many people tacitly encourage such violations.
   B. minorities do not seek legal protection.
   C. any type of law is difficult to pass and enforce.
   D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Information

8. Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?
   A.functionalist perspective
   B. conflict perspective
   C. interactionist perspective
   D. labeling perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

9. Which of the following terms refers to going along with one’s peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person’s own status who have no special right to direct that person’s behavior?
   A.labeling
   B. conformity
   C. deviance
   D. obedience

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition

10. Obedience refers to
    A.going along with one’s peers, who have no special right to direct one’s behavior.
    B. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
    C. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
    D. going along with one’s peers, who have no special right to direct that one’s behavior, and compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition

11. According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will
    A.conform to the attitudes and behaviors of their peers even if such attitudes and behaviors are racist.
    B. obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior may harm another individual.
    C. in most instances disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures if the behavior may harm another individual.
    D. not conform to the attitudes and behavior of their peers if racism is expected.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Information

12. What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram’s experimental study of obedience?
    A.to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II
    B. to better understand the deterrence factor of the death penalty
    C. self-esteem issues
    D. a federal government grant

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Information

13. Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as
    A.neutralization.
    B. conformity.
    C. informal social control.
    D. formal social control.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition

14. What type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of the risk of harmful effects to recipients?
    A.capital punishment
    B. institutionalization
    C. corporal punishment
    D. time-outs

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Information

15. Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers—is called
    A.neutralization.
    B. conformity.
    C. informal social control.
    D. formal social control.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition

16. A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee’s action is an example of
    A.formal social control.
    B. informal social control.
    C. neutralization.
    D. enforcement of regulatory law.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Application-Concept

17. Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the association between the use of surveillance techniques as a means of social control and the power of an authoritarian government?
    A.functionalist perspective
    B. conflict perspective
    C. interactionist perspective
    D. feminist perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

18. Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society’s norms?
    A.anomie theory of deviance
    B. labeling theory
    C. control theory
    D. theory of differential association

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process.
Topic: Law
Question Category: Definition

19. Control theory states that we
    A.are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we use them as role models and act in the same manner.
    B. are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society.
    C. are “convinced” to act in a law-abiding manner because of the “control” that law enforcement agencies have over our lives.
    D. act in a conforming manner because of self-control.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process.
Topic: Law
Question Category: Information

20. Deviance is behavior that
    A.always violates the laws of a society.
    B. is always illegal.
    C. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
    D. is always anomie.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the ways in which deviance both challenges and reinforces social norms.
Topic: Deviance
Question Category: Definition

21. Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known?
    A.functionalist perspective
    B. conflict perspective
    C. interactionist perspective
    D. global perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the ways in which deviance both challenges and reinforces social norms.
Topic: Stigma
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

22. The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the larger debate over
    A.biosociology.
    B. sociobiology.
    C. impression management.
    D. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Information

23. Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?
    A.environmental influences
    B. genetic roots
    C. social structure
    D. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why deviant behavior is not always negative.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Information

24. “Deviance defines the limits of proper behavior.” This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective?
    A.functionalist perspective
    B. conflict perspective
    C. interactionist perspective
    D. feminist perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

25. In Émile Durkheim’s view,
    A.the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability.
    B. labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant.
    C. people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their aspirations.
    D. the punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior, and people accept or reject the goals of a society.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Information

26. Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
    A.anomie
    B. neutralization
    C. cultural transmission
    D. disobedience

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Definition

27. Which of the following would be an example of anomie?
    A.A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
    B. An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
    C. A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities that are important to her.
    D. All of these answers are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Concept

28. The most common adaptation in Robert Merton’s anomie theory of deviance is
    A.ritualism.
    B. conformity.
    C. rebellion.
    D. innovation.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Information

29. In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton
    A.described five types of deviance.
    B. created a typology to explain the basic types of adaptations people make to culture.
    C. noted that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and maintain that mode for an extended period of time.
    D. suggested that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Information

30. According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has
    A.abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means.
    B. withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
    C. accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
    D. None of these answers is correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Definition

31. In Robert Merton’s terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as
    A.ritualists.
    B. rebels.
    C. innovators.
    D. retreatists.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Definition

32. According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has
    A.abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means.
    B. withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
    C. accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
    D. None of these answers is correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Definition

33. An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn’t have the money or the means of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
    A.conflict theory
    B. labeling theory
    C. anomie theory of deviance
    D. cultural transmission theory

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Concept

34. Arnold gets an “A” on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the “class brain” who is sitting next to him. According to Merton’s anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)
    A.ritualist.
    B. retreatist.
    C. rebel.
    D. innovator.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Concept

35. An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn’t have time to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance. According to Merton’s theory, this welfare worker would be a(n)
    A.ritualist.
    B. rebel.
    C. innovator.
    D. retreatist.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Concept

36. According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as
    A.rebels.
    B. ritualists.
    C. conformists.
    D. innovators.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Concept

37. Which sociological perspective’s approach explains why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey, but fails to indicate how a given person comes to commit a deviant act or why on some occasions crimes do or do not occur?
    A.functionalist perspective
    B. conflict perspective
    C. interactionist perspective
    D. feminist perspective

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
Question Category: Application-Perspectives

38. Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?
    A.labeling theory
    B. cultural transmission
    C. societal-reaction approach
    D. techniques of neutralization

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and the feminist perspective.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
Question Category: Definition

39. Which sociologist used the term differential association to describe the process by which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules?
    A.Richard Quinney
    B. Erving Goffman
    C. Robert Merton
    D. Edwin Sutherland