SOC Plus 2nd Canadian Edition Test Bank

SOC Plus 2nd Canadian Edition Test Bank

Chapter 8—Sexuality and Gender

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What term is used for babies born with ambiguous genitals due to a hormone imbalance in the womb?

a.

asexual

b.

intersexed

c.

transsexual

d.

bisexual

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2. Which of the following depends on being born with distinct male or female genitals, and having a genetic program that releases either male or female hormones to stimulate the development of your reproductive system?

a.

sex

b.

gender identity

c.

gender role

d.

gender

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3. Dr. Bains discovers that, when the male embryos she’s been researching in the lab failed to receive a significant dose of testosterone at about six weeks of gestation, the genitalia failed to fuse to form a penis. If this embryo was carried to full term, what would we call the resulting infant today?

a.

female

b.

hermaphrodite

c.

intersexed

d.

bisexual

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4. Which of the following is consistent with a person’s sex?

a.

hormones, chromosomes, and physiology

b.

culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes

c.

sexual desires and behaviours

d.

self-definition

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5. Which of the following is consistent with a person’s gender?

a.

hormones, chromosomes, and physiology

b.

culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes

c.

sexual desires and behaviours

d.

self-definition

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6. What do the feelings, attitudes, and behaviours typically associated with being male or female constitute?

a.

sex identity

b.

sex

c.

gender

d.

gender role

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7. Which of the following is associated with biologically, psychologically, and socially identifying with a particular sex?

a.

gender role

b.

sex

c.

gender

d.

gender identity

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8. If Timothy thinks of himself as a boy, which of the following has he formed?

a.

his male persona

b.

his gender role

c.

his male entity

d.

his gender identity

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9. If Timothy acts the way that boys are expected to act, what is he following?

a.

his gender role

b.

his male persona

c.

his mail entity

d.

his gender identity

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10. When people behave according to widely shared expectations about how males or females are supposed to act, which of the following have they adopted?

a.

their sex

b.

their gender identity

c.

their gender

d.

their gender role

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11. Which of the following is consistent with a person’s sexuality?

a.

hormones, chromosomes, and physiology

b.

culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes

c.

sexual desires and behaviours

d.

self-definition

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12. Which of the following is consistent with a person’s gender identity?

a.

hormones, chromosomes, and physiology

b.

culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes

c.

sexual desires and behaviours

d.

self-definition

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13. Jack is playing with his friends in the backyard. His slightly younger friend Tyler brings over one of his sister’s dolls and Jack tells him they can’t play with the doll because they are boys. What has Jack learned that he is passing on to Tyler?

a.

his sex

b.

his sexuality

c.

his gender

d.

his gender role

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14. Research shows that babies first develop a vague sense of being a boy or a girl at approximately what age?

a.

six months old

b.

one year old

c.

two years old

d.

three years old

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15. According to research, when do children develop a complete sense of gender identity?

a.

between the ages of one and two years

b.

between the ages of two and three years

c.

between the ages of two and five years

d.

between the ages of four and six years

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 165 BLM: REMEMBER

16. Although Dr. John Money claimed that the sexual reassignment of baby Bruce was successful, in reality it wasn’t. According to the textbook, which of the following was one reason for the lack of success?

a.

the lack of support for the sex reassignment from baby Bruce’s parents

b.

the inescapable influence of biology

c.

the surgery occurred after baby Bruce had learned a male gender identity

d.

the treatment baby Bruce received was incorrect

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17. According to many researchers, before what age should gender reassignment take place to have a chance of success?

a.

6 months

b.

1 year

c.

18 months

d.

2 years

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18. Sean and Katie were thrilled at the prospect of their second child. When baby Stephen was born, they were told by their physician that the baby was what is known as intersexed. According to the textbook, by what age must Sean and Katie decide to raise the baby as a boy or a girl in order to have the greatest chance for the child to successfully learn the gender role?

a.

6 months

b.

1 year

c.

18 months

d.

2 years

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19. What is the main lesson the textbook draws from the story of baby Bruce/Brenda/David?

a.

Social learning of gender begins very early in life.

b.

Biology establishes most of gender identity, and society helps a little.

c.

Sex is organized around biological factors.

d.

Biology is destiny.

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20. What has Erin formed if she thinks of herself as a girl?

a.

gender role

b.

sex

c.

gender

d.

gender identity

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 164-165

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21. When Carolina is interested in nurturing her baby dolls and playing with her Easy-Bake Oven, what is she following?

a.

gender role

b.

sex

c.

gender

d.

gender identity

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 164-165

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22. What term is used for the preference for members of the opposite sex as sexual partners?

a.

bisexuality

b.

homosexuality

c.

transsexuality

d.

heterosexuality

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23. Scholars who see gender differences as a reflection of naturally evolved, biological dispositions are approaching gender from which theoretical position?

a.

functionalism

b.

symbolic interactionism

c.

social constructionism

d.

essentialism

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24. Over a lifetime, a woman can give birth to about 20 children; consequently, women must make a greater investment in mate selection than men in order to ensure the survival of offspring. With which of the following theories of gender is this argument associated?

a.

clinical psychology

b.

sociology

c.

essentialism

d.

psychology

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25. Professor Johnson tells her gender psychology class that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers because males are innately more competitive, making them very good at business, while females are innately more nurturing, making them better suited for taking care of husbands and children. Which of the following perspectives is Professor Johnson following?

a.

essentialism

b.

social constructionism

c.

symbolic interactionism

d.

postmodernism

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26. Which of the following theoretical approaches adopts an essentialist viewpoint in claiming that traditional gender roles help to integrate society?

a.

functionalists

b.

conflict theorists

c.

feminists

d.

symbolic interactionists

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 165 BLM: REMEMBER

27. Talcott Parsons characterized the essence of masculinity as rationality, self-assuredness, and competitiveness. What term did he use to characterize these traits?

a.

assertive traits

b.

macho traits

c.

instrumental traits

d.

masculine traits

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28. Talcott Parsons characterized the essence of femininity as nurturance and sensitivity to others. What term did he use to describe these traits?

a.

mothering traits

b.

expressive traits

c.

familial traits

d.

idealistic traits

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 166 BLM: REMEMBER

29. Jimmy is at the pub after a fight with his wife. He is making it clear to any who will listen that he thinks it is ridiculous that his wife would work outside the home. He believes it would be very damaging for his son and daughter to see either of them outside their proper roles. Which of the following perspectives is his reasoning consistent with?

a.

conflict theory

b.

functionalism

c.

feminism

d.

postmodernism

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 166 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

30. Rob and his teenage son Doug have been arguing a great deal in the last few months. Doug doesn’t like the activities that Rob liked when he was a youth: sports, like football, and hobbies, like fixing cars. Doug is much more interested in literature and fashion. Rob tells Doug that he is worried that if he persists in pursuing these activities girls will think he’s not manly, and will not want to be his girlfriend. According to the textbook, which of the following perspectives is Rob adopting with regard to Doug’s behaviour?

a.

conflict theory

b.

postmodernism

c.

feminism

d.

functionalism

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 166 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

31. According to sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists, what are existing behaviour patterns designed to do?

a.

organize genetic research

b.

maximize genetic variation

c.

define social pathology

d.

ensure the survival of the species

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32. According to the textbook, in which of the following would we be most likely to find a decrease in women’s tendency to stress the “good provider” role in selecting male partners and men’s tendency to stress women’s domestic skills?

a.

in societies with low levels of industrialization

b.

in societies with rapidly increasing levels of industrialization

c.

in societies with low levels of gender inequality

d.

in societies with high levels of gender inequality

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33. Ellen is the CEO for a large multinational advertising firm. Most of her employees consider her highly competitive and aggressive. While she is married and does have a child, her husband, a musician, stays home with the child. What does the existence of this couple suggest?

a.

Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct.

b.

Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are incorrect.

c.

Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates a genetic mutation.

d.

Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates how culture can overpower biology in a rare number of cases.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 166 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

34. Contrary to the essentialist perspective, which of the following is known to occur in social situations in which women have to cope with high levels of competition and threat?

a.

Women are overwhelmed by paralyzing fear.

b.

Men become more acquiescent and nurturing.

c.

Women become more dependent on men.

d.

Women become more aggressive.

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35. Which of the following critiques of essentialism have conflict and feminist theorists put forward?

a.

There is no direct evidence that supports the major claims of essentialism.

b.

The essentialist explanation of gender differences ignores the role of power and authority in gendered relationships.

c.

Essentialism understates the relationship between sex and gender.

d.

Essentialism tends to generalize from the average, thereby emphasizing the differences within gender groups.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 166 BLM: REMEMBER

36. Megan believes that the subordination of women developed alongside industrial capitalism: when people began to acquire surplus wealth and property, they required a system of inheritance. Since men can never be sure of the parentage of their children in the same way women can, men needed to develop a way to control women. Which theory is Megan’s belief consistent with?

a.

feminism

b.

essentialism

c.

constructionism

d.

conflict theory

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37. According to the textbook, which of the following arguments helped lead feminists to discount capitalism as the sole root of male domination?

a.

Male domination exists in hunting and gathering societies.

b.

Male domination is promoted by religion and tradition.

c.

Male domination exists in socialist and communist countries.

d.

Male domination exists in all social classes.

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38. Which of the following groups believes that apparently natural or innate features of life, such as gender, are actually sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally?

a.

functionalists

b.

conflict theorists

c.

ethnomethodologists

d.

social constructionists

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39. Brittany is a seven-year-old girl. If she has been socialized appropriately according to cultural messages, which of the following toys will she select when she goes to after-school care?

a.

the GI Joe doll

b.

the Barbie doll

c.

a dinosaur puzzle

d.

a book about cars

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40. According to the research on gender socialization, which of the following may inspire Dustin to avoid playing with the Easy-Bake Oven at preschool?

a.

an innate lack of interest in things associated with femininity

b.

the fact that blocks are more creative toys to play with

c.

the idea that his dad might see and get mad at him for it

d.

the fact that Barbie dolls are much more fun to play with

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41. Danielle has a three-year-old daughter and refuses to purchase a Barbie doll for her. She also has forbidden any of her friends and relatives from doing this as well. Danielle’s childrearing practices can likely be attributed to a belief in which of the following theories?

a.

evolutionary psychology

b.

sociobiology

c.

social constructionism

d.

essentialism

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42. According to the text, what sort of play does GI Joe encourage?

a.

fight and flight play

b.

cooperative and strategic negotiating play

c.

active, competitive, and aggressive play

d.

passive–aggressive play

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43. According to the textbook, which of the following does recent survey research show that most parents are likely to identify their girls as?

a.

strong

b.

well-coordinated

c.

delicate

d.

competitive

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44. Which of the following is a consequence of parents encouraging girls to play in cooperative role-playing games while discouraging them from engaging in boisterous and competitive play?

a.

heightened physical skills among girls

b.

heightened assertiveness among girls

c.

heightened verbal and emotional skills among girls

d.

heightened math skills among girls

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45. Mitch and Anna have one daughter. They encourage her to play cooperatively with other children in role-playing games but they do not allow any kind of competitive, noisy, or rowdy play. Which of the following is a likely consequence of their parenting style?

a.

The daughter will have heightened aggression.

b.

The daughter will have heightened physical and spatial abilities.

c.

The daughter will have heightened cognitive skills.

d.

The daughter will have heightened verbal and emotional skills.

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46. In the absence of pressure or encouragement, what happens when preschool boys are presented with a simple choice between playing with a tool set or a dish set?

a.

They choose the tool set more often than the dish set.

b.

They almost always choose the tool set.

c.

They almost never choose the tool set.

d.

They are about as likely to choose one as the other.

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47. What term did the sociologist Barrie Thorne use for participating in the opposite gender’s games and activities?

a.

compulsory acceptance

b.

gender inversion

c.

cross-dressing

d.

boundary crossing

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48. When the schoolteacher studied by Barrie Thorne held a spelling contest pitting boys against girls, which of the following occurred?

a.

Cross-gender antagonism developed.

b.

Cooperative role-playing developed.

c.

Gender ideologies disintegrated.

d.

Mixed-gender interaction increased.

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49. Although she is only ten, Melinda is a highly skilled lacrosse player. The only kids who play lacrosse in her neighbourhood are boys. When she asks to play, what is likely to be the outcome, based on Barrie Thorne’s research?

a.

They will mock her and say no.

b.

They will mock her but say yes.

c.

They will feel threatened, say no, and try to beat her up.

d.

They will accept her based on her skills and be unconcerned that she is a girl.

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50. Jamal and Ellen have twin nine-year-olds, Natasha and Karl. Every winter Jamal makes a big rink in their backyard so that the local kids can skate and play hockey. Natasha loves hockey every bit as much as Karl does, and plays with all the local children, who happen to be boys. What did Barrie Thorne call this kind of play?

a.

cross-gender play

b.

cooperative role-playing

c.

boundary crossing

d.

mixed-gender interaction

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51. Which of the following involves boys playing stereotypically girls’ games and girls playing stereotypically boys’ games?

a.

gendered game play

b.

boundary crossing

c.

gender identity

d.

gender ideology

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52. In which one the following environments did Barrie Thorne note that mixed-gender interaction among fourth- and fifth-grade children was more common?

a.

when the children were far from home

b.

when the children were in large crowds

c.

more public settings, like the school playground

d.

less public and more relaxed settings, like their neighbourhood

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53. Jacques and Uma, classmates in a sociology course, are discussing child rearing. Jacques believes that, for the most part, women should certainly be educated and free to choose the careers they want to pursue but, in fact, in his view they are far likelier to be happy as mothers taking care of children. Uma has a very different view about the way to raise children in order for them to be happy. She thinks that gender expectations ought not play any role in how they are raised, since this only puts limits on the children. What do sociologists call their respective views on child rearing?

a.

gender ideology

b.

gender stereotyping

c.

socialized patterning

d.

patterned expectations

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54. In many schools, teachers and guidance counsellors still expect boys to do better in science and math courses. They also expect girls to achieve higher marks in English. Parents tend to reinforce these stereotypes in their evaluation of different activities. This suggests which of the following?

a.

Adults contribute less to the gender socialization of children than they used to.

b.

Adults contribute significantly to the gender socialization of children.

c.

Essentialism can best explain why boys do better in math and girls do better in English.

d.

Teachers contribute more to the gender socialization of children than parents do.

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55. What term is used for the clusters of interrelated ideas about what constitutes appropriate masculine and feminine roles and behaviour?

a.

gender theory

b.

gender roles

c.

gender identities

d.

gender ideologies

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56. Which of the following is most likely to affect education and career decisions resulting in girls—more often than boys—choosing easier postsecondary courses that lead to lower-paying jobs?

a.

gender personalities

b.

gender aspirations

c.

practicalities of gender

d.

gender ideologies

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57. Which of the following is most responsible for promoting a general societal emphasis on slimness that has resulted in both men and women being dissatisfied with their bodies?

a.

teachers and parents

b.

medical institutions

c.

mass media

d.

nutritionists

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58. Which of the following has, in part, triggered the desire in North American society to lose weight?

a.

industrialization

b.

advertising and the media

c.

women’s liberation

d.

overly optimistic body ideals

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59. According to the textbook, how did body image become so important for self-definition through the twentieth century and up to today?

a.

through widespread advertising and consumerism

b.

through a lack of focus on mental health and psychological health

c.

through increased secularization

d.

through increased levels of health education

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60. Every time Heidi looks in the mirror she sees increasing levels of fat on her body, even though each day she eats only a few frozen grapes and a lettuce leaf and works out at the gym for three to four hours. What condition does Heidi have?

a.

bipolar disorder

b.

schizophrenia

c.

bulimia

d.

anorexia

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 172 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

61. According to the text, which of the following aspects of social interaction do girls learn by playing with dolls and baking sets?

a.

differences of opinion should be heightened whenever possible

b.

differences of opinion should never occur

c.

differences of opinion are resolved through conflict

d.

differences of opinion are resolved using negotiations

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62. Naomi was as a hired as a hardware engineer last year. For the most part she gets along very well with her predominantly male colleagues. She is aware that a supervisory position is about to open up, but is concerned that she may not have an equal chance at the promotion. Every fall, the boss organizes a guy’s weekend retreat at his family cottage, and Karen is worried that being excluded from this social event outside work gives her male colleagues an unfair advantage. What do sociologists call this kind of employment barrier?

a.

gendered disadvantage

b.

extramural exclusion

c.

glass ceiling

d.

“caveman” barrier

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63. What term is used for a social barrier that makes it difficult for female managers to rise to the top level of management?

a.

gender barricade

b.

sexist office

c.

gender escalator

d.

glass ceiling

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64. Shelley is a senior manager in government and has a fantastic team of employees. They appreciate her as a boss because, even when she does a great deal of the work, or most of it, she shares the credit evenly with her team. She and her team are therefore shocked when Shelley is bypassed for a promotion and the much-less-competent male manager down the hall gets it. According to Deborah Tannen’s research, the fault lies with Shelley saying “we did it” instead of “I did it.” What does this tend to do?

a.

It makes workers more productive and no one wants to see that changed.

b.

It camouflages Shelley’s considerable accomplishments.

c.

It establishes team spirit, a valuable asset in short supply.

d.

It makes Shelley seem weak and frivolous and like she is trying too hard.

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65. Jane has worked as a junior manager for 15 years, always with the idea of being promoted to senior manager. She has watched several men younger than her get promoted over the years, despite her performance evaluations always being superior. What is Jane likely experiencing?

a.

the mommy track

b.

the gender barricade

c.

the glass ceiling

d.

the gender wall

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 173 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

66. What term is used for people who want to alter their gender by changing their appearance and/or resorting to medical intervention?

a.

homosexuals

b.

transvestites

c.

transsexuals

d.

bisexuals

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67. What term is used for people who believe that they were born into a body of the wrong sex?

a.

transsexuals

b.

transvestites

c.

asexuals

d.

all-gendered

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68. Which of the following terms best describes Michael if Michael has sexual reassignment surgery, takes estrogen, and begins to live as Michelle?

a.

transvestite

b.

gender invert

c.

hermaphrodite

d.

transsexual

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 173 BLM: HIGHER ORDER