Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology 10Th Edition By Cinnamon VanPutte – Test Bank

Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology 10Th Edition By Cinnamon VanPutte – Test Bank

Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 10e (VanPutte)

Chapter 7 Muscular System

1) The ________ is the functional unit of skeletal muscle because it is the smallest portion of the skeletal muscle capable of ________.

1. A) muscle fiber; receiving a stimulus
2. B) muscle fiber; contracting
3. C) sarcomere; contracting
4. D) sarcomere; receiving a stimulus
5. E) myofibril; contracting

2) Acetylcholine

1. A) is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction.
2. B) is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
3. C) binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane.
4. D) causes an influx of sodium ions into the muscle cell when bound to its receptor.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

3) The myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere by the ________.

1. A) Z disks
2. B) A band
3. C) M line
4. D) I band
5. E) H zone

4) The actin myofilaments are attached to the ________.

1. A) Z disks
2. B) A band
3. C) M line
4. D) I band
5. E) H zone

5) Muscle fibers

1. A) have a relatively high metabolic rate.
2. B) depend upon large amounts of O2.
3. C) contain large numbers of mitochondria.
4. D) preferentially use aerobic respiration.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

6) Connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi is called ________.

1. A) perimysium
2. B) endomysium
3. C) fascia
4. D) fasciculi
5. E) microfibrils

7) Actin myofilaments

1. A) resemble bundles of minute golf clubs.
2. B) are attached to Z lines at one end of the sarcomere.
3. C) form the I band where actin overlaps with myosin myofilaments.
4. D) form the epimysium.
5. E) All the choices are correct.

8) A muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus until that stimulus reaches

1. A) tetany.
2. B) relaxation level.
3. C) rigor mortis level.
4. D) threshold level.
5. E) recruitment level.

9) Which of the following characteristics would establish conclusively that muscle tissue being examined was skeletal muscle tissue?

1. A) Many nuclei per cell
2. B) Striations present
3. C) Contracts spontaneously
4. D) Intercalated disks present
5. E) Under involuntary control

10) The ________ is attached to bones via tendons.

1. A) myofilament
2. B) myofibril
3. C) muscle fiber
4. D) muscle fasciculus
5. E) whole skeletal muscle

11) The ________ is a group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

1. A) myofilament
2. B) myofibril
3. C) muscle fiber
4. D) muscle fascicle
5. E) whole skeletal muscle

12) A ________ is a single muscle cell.

1. A) myofilament
2. B) myofibril
3. C) muscle fiber
4. D) muscle fasciculus
5. E) whole skeletal muscle

13) The specific molecules that provide calcium-binding sites on actin are ________ molecules.

1. A) troponin
2. B) tropomyosin
3. C) titin
4. D) myosin

14) The ________ consists of only actin myofilaments.

1. A) A band
2. B) I band
3. C) H zone
4. D) M line
5. E) Z disk

15) The ________ is the smooth ER of a muscle fiber and stores calcium ions.

1. A) sarcolemma
2. B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
3. C) sarcomere
4. D) sarcoplasm
5. E) T tubules

16) The area identified by letter A in this figure represents

1. A) the A band.
2. B) the M line.
3. C) a sarcomere.
4. D) the I band.
5. E) a Z disk.

17) The area identified by letter B in this figure represents

1. A) the A band.
2. B) the M line.
3. C) a sarcomere.
4. D) the I band.
5. E) a Z disk.

18) The area identified by letter A in this figure represents the

1. A) action potential.
2. B) synaptic vesicles.
3. C) acetylcholine molecules.
4. D) synaptic cleft.
5. E) sodium ions.

19) The letter B in this figure represents

1. A) action potential.
2. B) synaptic vesicles.
3. C) acetylcholine molecules.
4. D) synaptic cleft.
5. E) sodium ions.

20) Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of aging on the muscular system?

1. A) Reduction in muscle mass
2. B) Increase in response time to stimulus
3. C) Reduction in number of motor units
4. D) Reduction in surface area of the neuromuscular junction
5. E) Increase in the number of myofilaments in each fiber

21) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

1. A) The resting potential of a cell develops because the cell membrane is more permeable to K+than it is to most other ions.
2. B) The concentration of Na+is higher inside the cell than outside.
3. C) Potassium ions only diffuse down their gradient until the charge difference across the membrane is great enough (electrical equilibrium) to prevent additional diffusion.
4. D) Potassium’s tendency to diffuse out is opposed by the attractive forces of the negative charge inside the cell.
5. E) The sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains the normal resting concentrations of ions on either side of the cell membrane.

22) What would happen if the cell membrane suddenly became impermeable to potassium ions (K+)?

1. A) The outside of the cell membrane would become more positively charged.
2. B) The cell would become more negatively charged.
3. C) The cell would become more positively charged.
4. D) The cell would depolarize.
5. E) Both “the outside of the cell membrane would become more positively charged” and “the cell would depolarize” are correct.

23) In a resting cell, K+ ions have a higher concentration ________ the cell, which results in the net movement of K+ ________ of the cell.

1. A) inside; out
2. B) outside; into
3. C) inside; into
4. D) outside; out

24) The normal resting cell membrane is the most permeable to

1. A) sodium ions.
2. B) potassium ions.
3. C) negatively charged proteins.
4. D) calcium ions.
5. E) magnesium ions.

25) What are the relative concentrations of Na+, K+ and dissolved proteins inthe intracellular solution (i.e., cytosol) as opposed to concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

1. A) ↑ Na+, ↑ K+, and ↑ dissolved proteins inside the cell
2. B) ↑ Na+, ↓ K+, and ↑ dissolved proteins inside the cell
3. C) ↓ Na+, ↑ K+, and ↑ dissolved proteins inside the cell
4. D) ↓ Na+, ↓ K+, and ↓ dissolved proteins inside the cell

26) Curare is a poison used by South American Indians. It is known to bind to ACh receptors, preventing the binding of ACh. What effect would curare have on muscle function?

1. A) The muscle fibers would contract uncontrollably and continually.
2. B) The muscle fibers would not contract, because the Na+channels, which cause depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane, are never signaled to open.
3. C) The presynaptic release of ACh would be inhibited, therefore the muscle would not contract.
4. D) The action of acetylcholinesterase would be inhibited, causing increased contraction.
5. E) Both “the muscle fibers would contract uncontrollably and continually” and “the action of acetylcholinesterase would be inhibited causing increased contraction” are correct.

27) Caffeine aids in the movement of calcium ions across cell membranes by both making it easier for the Ca2+ channels to open and by holding the channels open longer. How would the administration of caffeine to a muscle fiber affect its contraction?

1. A) Caffeine would increase the strength of the fiber’s contraction.
2. B) Caffeine would allow more cross-bridges to form in the fiber.
3. C) Caffeine would increase the duration of the fiber’s contraction.
4. D) At high enough levels, caffeine would cause the muscle fiber to contract without a signal from the associated motor neuron.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

28) In skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, Ca2+

1. A) bind to myosin myofilaments.
2. B) are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.
3. C) are released from the T tubules by active transport.
4. D) provide the energy for muscle contraction.
5. E) Both ” bind to myosin myofilaments” and “are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport” are correct.

29) Aerobic respiration

1. A) requires oxygen.
2. B) breaks down glucose.
3. C) produces ATP, CO2, and H2
4. D) takes place in mitochondria located within the muscle fiber sarcoplasm.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

30) Aerobic respiration

1. A) results in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactate.
2. B) is much less efficient than anaerobic respiration.
3. C) can use fatty acids and amino acids to generate ATP.
4. D) can occur much faster than anaerobic respiration.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

31) ATP

1. A) attaches to the myosin myofilaments.
2. B) provides energy for the movement of the cross-bridges.
3. C) is required for muscle relaxation.
4. D) releases part of its energy as heat.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

32) A high-energy molecule that can be quickly used to produce ATP is ________.

1. A) creatine phosphate
2. B) glucose
3. C) carbon dioxide.
4. D) lactate.
5. E) water

33) Creatine phosphate

1. A) is produced by the process of anaerobic respiration.
2. B) can replace ATP in binding myosin molecules during contraction.
3. C) acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.
4. D) is formed only during strenuous exercise.
5. E) causes the build up of lactic acid.

34) Cardiac muscle

1. A) is under involuntary control.
2. B) has long, cylindrical cells.
3. C) has many nuclei per cell.
4. D) has no striations.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

35) Smooth muscle

1. A) has no distinct sarcomeres.
2. B) contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle.
3. C) may be autorhythmic.
4. D) does not develop an oxygen deficit.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

36) The biceps brachii muscle and the triceps brachii muscle

1. A) are synergists.
2. B) are antagonists.
3. C) both flex the forearm.
4. D) are both antagonists and flexors of the forearm.
5. E) are both synergists and flexors of the forearm.

37) If someone winks at you, they are using their

1. A) zygomaticus muscles.
2. B) occipitofrontalis muscle.
3. C) orbicularis oculi.
4. D) depressor anguli oris.
5. E) orbicularis oris.

38) Which of the following muscles are used to elevate the larynx?

1. A) The masseter
2. B) The soft palate muscles
3. C) The hyoid muscles
4. D) The pharyngeal constrictors
5. E) The sternocleidomastoid

39) The primary muscle(s) responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration is/are

1. A) the diaphragm.
2. B) the external intercostals.
3. C) the rectus abdominis.
4. D) the internal intercostals.
5. E) the erector spinae.

40) Which of these muscles is NOT a fixator of the scapula?

1. A) Latissimus dorsi
2. B) Trapezius
3. C) Levator scapulae
4. D) Serratus anterior
5. E) Pectoralis minor

41) The major abductor of the upper limb is the ________.

1. A) trapezius
2. B) latissimus dorsi
3. C) deltoid
4. D) pectoralis major
5. E) biceps brachii

42) The anterior hip muscle that flexes the thigh is the ________.

1. A) iliopsoas
2. B) gluteus medius
3. C) tensor fascia latae
4. D) gluteus maximus
5. E) entire gluteal group

43) The hip muscle commonly used as a site for injection is the ________.

1. A) gluteus maximus
2. B) gluteus medius
3. C) iliopsoas
4. D) tensor fascia latae
5. E) hamstring muscle

44) An anterior thigh muscle that extends the leg is the ________.

1. A) sartorius
2. B) quadriceps femoris
3. C) hamstring group
4. D) adductor group
5. E) iliopsoas

45) Pull-ups are easier to do with the hands supinated than with the hands pronated. An explanation for this is

1. A) the biceps brachii is attached to the radial tuberosity.
2. B) the biceps brachii supinates the forearm.
3. C) if the forearm is pronated, the biceps brachii is ineffective in flexing the forearm.
4. D) the brachialis is a much smaller muscle than the biceps brachii.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

46) Dr. Davis, your anatomy and physiology instructor, is conducting a field trip, and notices a dog approaching a fire hydrant. Always alert to instructional opportunities, he excitedly says, “Now watch as the dog utilizes his________ and ________ muscles to lift his leg.”

1. A) iliopsoas; gluteus medius
2. B) gluteus maximus; tensor fascia latae
3. C) gluteus maximus; adductor longus
4. D) iliopsoas; quadriceps femoris
5. E) gluteus medius; adductor longus

47) Muscles are named according to their:

1. A) location or number of heads.
2. B) function or action.
3. C) origin or insertion point.
4. D) size or shape.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

48) Organophosphates cause spastic paralysis because

1. A) their action produces a constant stimulus to contract.
2. B) they inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase.
3. C) they prevent the degradation of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction.
4. D) they prevent the muscles from relaxing.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

49) A condition known as flaccid paralysis

1. A) arises because the muscle is incapable of contracting in response to nervous stimulation.
2. B) arises because acetylcholinesterase levels are artificially low.
3. C) arises because the muscle is incapable of relaxing.
4. D) arises because acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction never breaks down.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

50) Muscles that work together to cause movement are called ________.

1. A) origins
2. B) insertions
3. C) synergists
4. D) antagonists
5. E) prime movers

51) For any given movement, the ________ is a muscle in a group that plays a major role in the desired movement.

1. A) origin
2. B) insertion
3. C) agonist
4. D) antagonist
5. E) prime mover

52) The muscle that works in opposition to another muscle is the ________.

1. A) origin
2. B) insertion
3. C) agonist
4. D) antagonist
5. E) prime mover

53) The ________ is the end of a muscle attached to a bone undergoing the greatest movement.

1. A) origin
2. B) insertion
3. C) agonist
4. D) antagonist
5. E) prime mover

54) The muscles of domesticated chickens represent the differences between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fiber well. Chickens do not fly long distances but rather have burst of flight so they can quickly move away from danger. The muscles for flight (breast muscles) are lighter in color than the muscles for walking and running (leg muscles). Which types of muscle fibers are found in each area?

1. A) Muscles for flight are composed primarily of slow-twitch muscle fibers, and muscles for walking and running are composed primarily of fast-twitch muscle.
2. B) Muscles for flight are composed primarily of fast-twitch muscle fibers, and muscles for walking and running are composed primarily of slow-twitch muscle.
3. C) Both muscle groups are composed of an even ratio of fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers.

55) The characteristic that allows muscles to have a slow, smooth, sustained contraction is

1. A) the all-or-none response.
2. B) temporal summation.
3. C) recruitment of motor units.
4. D) anaerobic respiration.
5. E) rigor mortis.

56) The condition in which a muscle remains contracted between stimuli without relaxing is called a/an ________.

1. A) recruitment
2. B) tetanus
3. C) the all-or-none response
4. D) a motor unit
5. E) the lag phase

57) Arrange the following events in the correct order that they occur during skeletal muscle contraction.

1) Calcium ions move along their concentration gradient.

2) Action potential occurs in cell membrane.

3) Ion channels open in sarcoplasmic reticulum.

4) Action potential moves along T tubules.

5) Actin to myosin cross-bridges form.

1. A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4
2. B) 1, 5, 4, 3, 2
3. C) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
4. D) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
5. E) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1

58) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

1. A) When muscles contract, the actin myofilaments are pulled toward the M lines (the center), thus decreasing the overall sarcomere length.
2. B) During muscle contraction, the actual length of the actin and myosin molecules changes.
3. C) The sarcolemma is a specialized plasma membrane of a muscle cell.
4. D) A muscle cell is also called a muscle fiber.
5. E) Normally, skeletal muscle fibers do not contract unless they are stimulated by motor neurons.

59) A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is called a ________.

1. A) neuromuscular junction
2. B) synaptic cleft
3. C) motor unit
4. D) synapse
5. E) presynaptic terminal

60) Contractibility is the ability of skeletal muscle to

1. A) shorten with force.
2. B) lengthen passively.
3. C) respond to a stimulus.
4. D) recoil to their original resting length.
5. E) be stretched.

61) Excitability is the ability of skeletal muscle to

1. A) shorten with force.
2. B) lengthen passively.
3. C) respond to a stimulus.
4. D) recoil to its original resting length.
5. E) be stretched.

62) Extensibility is the ability of skeletal muscle to

1. A) shorten with force.
2. B) respond to a stimulus.
3. C) recoil to its original resting length.
4. D) be stretched.
5. E) create heat energy through contraction.

63) Elasticity is the ability of skeletal muscle to

1. A) shorten with force.
2. B) lengthen passively.
3. C) respond to a stimulus.
4. D) recoil to its original resting length.
5. E) generate new collagen fibers.

64) Which of the following motor units would allow for greater muscular control?

1. A) A motor unit made up of a motor neuron and five muscle fibers
2. B) A motor unit made up of a motor neuron and ten muscle fibers
3. C) A motor unit made up of a motor neuron and twenty muscle fibers
4. D) A motor unit made up of a motor neuron and one hundred muscle fibers
5. E) A motor unit made up of a motor neuron and one thousand muscle fibers

65) Which of the following muscles most likely contain motor units that are relatively small (motor neurons that innervate only a small number of muscle fibers each)?

1. A) Biceps femoris
2. B) Trapezius
3. C) Intrinsic hand muscles
4. D) Latissimus dorsi
5. E) Sternocleidomastoid

66) A chemical that is considered an acetylcholine antagonist

1. A) increases the activity of acetylcholine.
2. B) decreases or prevents the activity of acetylcholine.
3. C) magnifies the effect of acetylcholine on the neuromuscular junction.
4. D) causes the release of acetylcholine.
5. E) Both “magnifies the effect of acetylcholine on the neuromuscular junction” and “causes the release of acetylcholine” are correct.

67) Satellite cells

1. A) are undifferentiated cells below the endomysium.
2. B) can differentiate and divide into new functional muscle fibers.
3. C) are stimulated by the destruction of existing muscle fibers.
4. D) are stimulated by intensive strength training.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

68) In a neuromuscular junction,

1. A) the presynaptic terminal is separated from the postsynaptic terminal by the synaptic cleft.
2. B) the presynaptic terminal contains vesicles filled with sodium ions.
3. C) the presynaptic terminal contains receptor molecules for the neurotransmitter.
4. D) the neurotransmitter causes an action potential in the presynaptic terminal.
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

69) What ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle fibers of the stimulated motor unit and therefore only one contraction per fiber?

1. A) The amount of calcium that enters the presynaptic cell
2. B) The rate of diffusion of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft
3. C) The number of muscle fibers that make up the motor unit
4. D) Enzymatic breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase
5. E) All of the choices are correct.

70) Most types of nerve gas exert their effect by inactivating acetylcholinesterase. One of the antidotes for nerve gas is atropine, which is also a poison. Although it may seem strange to have one poison counteract the effects of another poison, which of the following suggestions might be accurate for the effect that atropine has on the neuromuscular junction?

1. A) Atropine increases the production of acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicles.
2. B) Atropine increases the release of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft.
3. C) Atropine increases the number of receptor sites for acetylcholine on the muscle cell membrane.
4. D) Atropine attaches to receptor sites for acetylcholine on the muscle cell membrane.
5. E) Atropine increases both the release of acetylcholine and the number of available receptor sites.

71) The ________ phase is the time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of a contraction.

1. A) lag
2. B) relaxation
3. C) contraction
4. D) refractory

72) The constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time is ________.

1. A) potential energy
2. B) muscle energy
3. C) muscle tone
4. D) myofibril energy

73) In ________ contraction the amount of tension increases during contraction, but the length of the muscle does not change.

1. A) eccentric
2. B) isotonic
3. C) isometric
4. D) concentric

74) While driving by an elementary school one cold winter day, Shawn noticed the students were jumping up and down or running in place. Remembering her days in anatomy and physiology class, she realized that what she learned in class about functions of muscle tissue was something these students knew already. Which statement best describes the function the students were intuitively using?

1. A) The students were jumping up and down and running in place to increase the contractions of smooth muscle to help move their breakfast along their digestive tracts.
2. B) The students were jumping up and down and running in place to ensure the cardiac muscle of their hearts continued to contract.
3. C) The students were jumping up and down and running in place so muscle contractions would generate heat to keep them warm in the cold environment.
4. D) None of the choices are correct.

75) Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?

1. A) Communication
2. B) Movement
3. C) Storage of calcium ions
4. D) Maintenance of posture

76) The darker color of a slow-twitch muscle fiber compared to a fast-twitch muscle fiber is due to

1. A) the higher glycogen content.
2. B) the lower number of mitochondria.
3. C) the higher myoglobin content.
4. D) None of the choices are correct.

77) Which of the following best represents an isotonic muscle contraction?

1. A) Pushing against a brick wall
2. B) Remaining standing for long periods of time
3. C) Picking up a pencil
4. D) All of the choices are correct.

78) Which of the following muscle characteristic is important for maintain posture?

1. A) Elasticity
2. B) Refractory period
3. C) Muscle tone
4. D) Treppe

79) If someone smiles at you, they are using their

1. A) zygomaticus muscles.
2. B) occipitofrontalis muscle.
3. C) orbicularis oculi.
4. D) depressor anguli oris.
5. E) orbicularis oris.

80) Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in mastication?

1. A) The masseter
2. B) The temporalis
3. C) The hyoid muscles
4. D) The pterygoid
5. E) None of the choices are correct.

81) The primary muscle group responsible for keeping the back straight is

1. A) external intercostals.
2. B) erector spinae.
3. C) rectus abdominis.
4. D) internal intercostals.
5. E) external obliques.

82) Which of the following statements is true about the aging effects on skeletal muscle?

1. A) Muscle mass decreases due to increasing numbers of fast-twitch fibers.
2. B) Motor unit size decreases with age.
3. C) An active lifestyle will not reduce the loss of muscle mass.
4. D) Increasing exercise can improve muscle activity in elderly people.