Seeing Sociology An Introduction 1st Edition By Joan Ferrante – Test Bank

Seeing Sociology An Introduction 1st Edition By Joan Ferrante – Test Bank

CHAPTER 6

DEVIANCE

Multiple Choice

1. From a sociological point of view, deviance is

a.

any unlawful activity.

b.

behavior considered criminal.

c.

any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned.

d.

a disturbance located in the social structure.

ANS: C REF: 186 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1

2. _______ is any behavior or appearance that is socially challenged because it departs from the norms and expectations of the group.

a.

Deviance

c.

Social control

b.

Conformity

d.

Corporate power

ANS: A REF: 186 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1 MSC: SG

3. The sociological contribution to understanding deviant behavior is the emphasis on

a.

the individual as a deviant.

b.

universal ideas about what is deviance.

c.

the context under which deviant behavior takes place.

d.

obedience to authority .

ANS: C REF: 187 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1

4. Which one of the following statements about norms is considered false?

a.

Norms exist for virtually every kind of situation.

b.

Norms vary by group.

c.

In general, norms exist to prevent harm to self and others.

d.

Norms vary according to many factors, including whether they are enforced uniformly.

ANS: C REF: 187 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1 MSC: SG

5. The only characteristic common to all forms of deviance is the fact that

a.

they invoke formal sanctions.

b.

everyone in the society is offended by the act considered deviant.

c.

the behaviors are considered deviant across time and place.

d.

some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant.

ANS: D REF: 187 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1

6. Durkheim argued that deviance would be present, even in a “community of saints.” This statement suggests that

a.

deviance and crime are distinct concepts.

b.

those in power define what is deviant.

c.

there are some societies in which deviance does not exist.

d.

deviance is present in all societies.

ANS: D REF: 188 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1 MSC: SG

7. Durkheim argued that, even among the exemplary, some seemingly insignificant act or appearance will be greeted as deviant, even criminal, if only because “it is impossible for everyone to be alike.” This argument explains why Durkheim believed that

a.

deviance and crime are distinct concepts.

b.

those in power define what is deviant.

c.

there are some societies in which deviance does not exist.

d.

deviance is present in all societies.

ANS: D REF: 188 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1

8. Which one of the following statements best corresponds with Durkheim’s perspective on deviance?

a.

It is impossible for any society, even a community of saints, to be entirely free of deviance.

b.

Behavior that is unthinkable when an individual is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders.

c.

When people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and because of isolation from non-criminal patterns.

d.

Deviance is a consequence not of a particular behavior, but of the application of rules and sanctions.

ANS: A REF: 188 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1

9. Durkheim argued that the ritual of identifying and exposing a wrongdoing and determining a punishment and carrying it out is an emotional experience that gives a sense of order to the community. The idea suggests

a.

it is impossible for any society, even a community of saints, to be entirely free of deviance.

b.

behavior that is unthinkable when an individual is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders.

c.

when people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and because of isolation from non-criminal patterns.

d.

a group that went too long without noticing deviance or doing something about it would lose its identity.

ANS: D REF: 188 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1 MSC: SG

10. To understand why, in 1900, arguments indicating cigarettes were a health hazard were essentially ignored, sociologists would look to

a.

smokers’ wrong assessments.

c.

nonsmokers.

b.

claimsmaking activities.

d.

subcultures.

ANS: B REF: 189 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.1

11. When sociologists study the process by which a group or behavior is defined as a problem to society, they focus on

a.

the valued goals and the means to achieve those goals.

b.

the rule breaker, rule maker, and rule enforcers.

c.

responses to structural strain.

d.

who makes the claims the problem, whose claims are heard, and how audiences respond.

ANS: D REF: 189 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.1

12. To call AIDS a moral problem is to locate its cause in the goodness or badness of human action and to suggest that a solution depends on changing evil ways. To call it a medical problem is to locate its cause in the biological workings of the mind or body and to suggest that a solution rests with a drug, a vaccine, or surgery. This contrast in perspective shows

a.

labels, examples, and orientation are important because they tend to evoke a particular cause and a particular solution.

b.

the unintended harm that results when AIDS is defined as a medical problem.

c.

that there is no right way to talk about AIDS.

d.

that it is difficult to generate profiles describing why people have AIDS.

ANS: A REF: 190 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.1

13. Labeling an addiction as a medical problem locates cause in biological workings of the body or mind. Labeling it a personal problem locates the cause in the character of the person. This difference shows

a.

labels, examples, and orientation are important because they tend to evoke a particular cause and a particular solution.

b.

the harm that results when AIDS is defined as a medical problem.

c.

that there is no right way to talk about AIDS.

d.

that it is difficult to generate profiles describing why people have AIDS.

ANS: A REF: 190 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.1

MSC: SG

14. _________________ include(s) the methods used to teach, persuade, or force people to comply with norms and expectations.

a.

Mechanisms of social control

c.

Conformity

b.

Deviance

d.

Context

ANS: A REF: 191 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 6.2

15. Ideally, conformity should be

a.

imposed.

b.

established through informal negative sanctions.

c.

something people want to do.

d.

encouraged by offering rewards.

ANS: C REF: 191 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

16. ____________________ is a reaction of approval or disapproval to another’s behavior or appearance.

a.

Deviance

c.

Retreatism

b.

Conformity

d.

A sanction

ANS: D REF: 191 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

17. Ridicule, imprisonment, and withdrawal of affection are examples of _______ sanctions.

a.

informal

c.

negative

b.

positive

d.

formal

ANS: C REF: 191 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

18. Six-year-old Martha picks up her toys and puts them away. Her father smiles and pats her on the back. The smile and pat represent a ____________ sanction.

a.

positive formal

c.

negative informal

b.

negative formal

d.

positive informal

ANS: D REF: 191 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

MSC: SG

19. Which one of the following is an informal sanction?

a.

a medal

c.

a frown

b.

a diploma

d.

the death penalty

ANS: C REF: 191 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

20. Informal sanctions are

a.

backed by the force of law.

b.

spontaneous and unofficial expressions of approval or disapproval.

c.

group-generated expressions of approval or disapproval.

d.

systematic laws, rules, and regulations.

ANS: B REF: 191 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

21. Adolescents at a middle school tease a girl because she has yet to shave her legs. The teasing represents an example of a ______ sanction.

a.

positive formal

c.

negative informal

b.

negative formal

d.

positive informal

ANS: C REF: 191 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

22. Police officers employ _____________ sanctions when they arrest people suspected of breaking the law.

a.

positive formal

c.

negative informal

b.

negative formal

d.

positive informal

ANS: B REF: 192 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

23. Teens are employing ____________ sanctions when they share images via cell phones with the intent of ridiculing someone’s behavior.

a.

positive formal

c.

negative informal

b.

negative formal

d.

positive informal

ANS: C REF: 192 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

24. ___________________ is a method employed to prevent information from reaching some audience.

a.

Censorship

c.

A negative sanction

b.

Surveillance

d.

A positive sanction

ANS: A REF: 192 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

25. A Harvard Law School study identified ____________ as the country with the most extensive internet censorship in the world.

a.

North Korea

c.

China

b.

the United States

d.

India

ANS: C REF: 192 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 6.2

MSC: SG

26. Sociologist Kingsley Dennis dates the rise of decentralized surveillance to 1992, the year of

a.

the Rodney King incident.

c.

Tiananmen Square.

b.

the OJ Simpson trial.

d.

the 1^st Iraq War.

ANS: A REF: 192 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

27. The Chinese government blocks access to websites of Time Magazine, National Public Radio, and the Washington Post. That government is engaging is

a.

surveillance.

c.

innovation.

b.

conformity.

d.

censorship.

ANS: D REF: 192 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

28. Telephone tapping, interception of letters, observations via closed circuit television, and electronic monitoring are examples of

a.

censorship.

c.

conformity.

b.

surveillance.

d.

deviance.

ANS: B REF: 192 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

29. Sociologist Kingsley Dennis recounts the care of a South Korean girl harassed unmercifully by those in the internet community for not picking up after her dog. Her transgression was caught on tape and posted to the internet. Dennis called this harassment

a.

group think.

c.

censorship.

b.

virtual vigilantism.

d.

a witch hunt.

ANS: B REF: 192 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

MSC: SG

30. U.S. government officials delayed for seven months the release of a congressional report concerning 9-11. When the report was released, some sections related to Saudi Arabia were blackened out. This mechanism of social control is known as

a.

deviance.

c.

surveillance.

b.

censorship.

d.

conformity.

ANS: B REF: 192 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

31. Stanley Milgram’s study on obedience to authority offers insights as to how

a.

the falsely accused restore their reputations.

b.

people in positions of authority manage to get others to accept their definitions of deviance.

c.

deviance can exist even in seemingly perfect societies.

d.

drugs, such as cocaine, have come to be defined as illegal.

ANS: B REF: 193 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

32. Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick testified that when at the Abu Ghraib Prison “I questioned some of the things that I saw… such as leaving inmates in their cells with no clothes or in female underpants — and the answer I got was ‘This is how military intelligence wants it done.’” The dynamics Frederick described best correspond with

a.

Stanley Milgram’s Obedience to Authority.

b.

Howard Becker’s master status of deviant.

c.

Robert K. Merton’s theory of structural strain.

d.

Edward Sutherland’s theory of differential association.

ANS: A REF: 193 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

33. In research, a person working in cooperation with an experimenter is known as

a.

the control agent.

c.

the experimented-on.

b.

a confederate.

d.

a double agent.

ANS: B REF: 193 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 6.2

34. ______________ is the researcher who conducted the classic study Obedience to Authority.

a.

Stanley Milgram

c.

Howard Becker

b.

Emile Durkheim

d.

Erving Goffman

ANS: A REF: 193 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod6.2

35. Virtual vigilantism is considered a

a.

negative informal sanction.

c.

positive informal sanction.

b.

negative formal sanction.

d.

positive formal sanction.

ANS: A REF: 194 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

36. Virtual vigilantism is a form of

a.

group think.

c.

censorship.

b.

surveillance.

d.

claimsmaking.

ANS: B REF: 194 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.2

37. Stanley Milgram wrote, “The person who, with inner conviction, loathes stealing, killing, and assault may find himself committing these acts with relative ease.” Under what conditions does Milgram believe this happens?

a.

when no one is watching

c.

when the person’s life is threatened

b.

when under the influence of alcohol

d.

when commanded by an authority

ANS: D REF: 194 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2 MSC: SG

38. In Stanley Milgram’s classic experiment, Obedience to Authority, he discovered that obedience was founded on

a.

the firm command of a person with a status that gave minimal authority over a subject recruited to participate in the study.

b.

the subject’s fear of being punished physically if he or she disobeyed.

c.

the subject’s dislike of the learner’s physical characteristics.

d.

the subject’s firm belief that learning is enhanced when failure is punished.

ANS: A REF: 194 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 6.2

39. The term group think can be traced to research

a.

on the dynamics underlying people’s willingness to obey authority figures.

b.

on claimsmaking activities.

c.

on group dynamics underlying the making of foreign policy with disastrous and successful outcomes.

d.

on the Abu Ghraib prison scandal.

ANS: C REF: 195 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

40. Group think is a phenomenon that occurs when a group, under great pressure to take action,

a.

forces members think about “what if” scenarios.

b.

suppresses expressions of doubt.

c.

considers moral consequences of decisions.

d.

praises those who give dissenting opinion.

ANS: B REF: 195 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

41. Group think is likely to occur when people in a group with decision making power

a.

are from different backgrounds.

b.

seek outside opinions.

c.

are highly educated.

d.

believe in the absolute rightness of their cause.

ANS: D REF: 195 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2 MSC: SG

42. The social psychologist _____________ coined the term group think.

a.

Stanley Milgram

c.

Kingsley Davis

b.

Erving Goffman

d.

Irving Janis

ANS: D REF: 195 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.2

43. When labeling theorists study deviance, they focus least on

a.

the context.

c.

the rule enforcers.

b.

the rule makers.

d.

the rule that is broken.

ANS: D REF: 197 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

44. Which one of the following is an assumption underlying labeling theory?

a.

Definitions of deviance are consistent across cultural settings.

b.

Rules are enforced uniformly and consistently.

c.

Deviants are those whose behavior people have noticed, labeled as such, and to which they have applied sanctions.

d.

Deviant behavior is learned in the same way conforming behavior is learned.

ANS: C REF: 197 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3 MSC: SG

45. Howard Becker wrote, “No one really knows how much this phenomenon exists, but the amount is very sizable, much more than we are apt to think.” Becker was writing about

a.

secret deviants.

c.

conformists.

b.

innovators.

d.

witch-hunts.

ANS: A REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

46. Labeling theorists maintain that determining whether an act is deviant depends on all but which one of the following?

a.

whether people notice it

b.

whether people react to it as a violation

c.

whether the deviant act was actually committed

d.

whether sanctions are applied

ANS: C REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

47. A student writes, “I used to sell drugs. I was very careful. I watched who I sold to and didn’t take any new customers. I was never caught.” This student can be classified as

a.

a conformist.

c.

falsely accused.

b.

a secret deviant.

d.

a pure deviant.

ANS: B REF: 198 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.3

48. __________ are people that have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders.

a.

Conformists

c.

The falsely accused

b.

Secret deviants

d.

Pure deviants

ANS: D REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3 MSC: SG

49. __________ are people that have not violated rules of a group and are treated accordingly.

a.

Conformists

c.

The falsely accused

b.

Secret deviants

d.

Pure deviants

ANS: A REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

50. Labeling theorists suggest that for every rule a social group creates, four categories of people exist. Which one of the following is not one of those categories?

a.

secret deviants

c.

falsely accused

b.

pure deviants

d.

defendants

ANS: D REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3 MSC: SG

51. _______ are people who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have.

a.

The falsely accused

c.

Secret deviants

b.

Innovators

d.

Conformists

ANS: A REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

52. __________________ are people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed.

a.

Pure deviants

c.

Secret deviants

b.

The falsely accused

d.

Conformists

ANS: C REF: 198 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

53. A U.S. Bureau of Justice survey of crime victims documented that almost 58 percent of crime victims do not report the crime to police. This fact suggests that there are large numbers of __________ in U.S. society.

a.

conformists

c.

secret deviants

b.

pure deviants

d.

falsely accused

ANS: C REF: 199 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.3

MSC: SG

54. Prison populations include pure deviants and

a.

ritualists.

c.

conformists.

b.

the falsely accused.

d.

secret deviants.

ANS: B REF: 199 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.3

55. Reseachers Michael L. Radelet and Adam Bedau reviewed more than 800 cases of innocent people being convicted of capital crimes, and they found that 56 had

a.

made false confessions.

c.

pleaded their innocence.

b.

had received early parole.

d.

no jury trial.

ANS: A REF: 199 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 6.3

MSC: SG

56. __________ are likely to be accused of a crime when the well-being of a country or group is threatened.

a.

Pure deviants

c.

Secret deviants

b.

The falsely accused

d.

Conformists

ANS: B REF: 199 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

57. The plight of the falsely accused is of particular interest to

a.

functionalists.

c.

structural strain theorists.

b.

labeling theorists.

d.

differential association theorists.

ANS: B REF: 199 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.3

58. Under which of the following circumstances is a person least likely to be falsely accused of committing a crime?

a.

times of economic crisis

b.

during a health crisis or epidemic

c.

times of rapid economic growth

d.

when an important institution is threatened

ANS: C REF: 199 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

59. A person takes on a(n) _______________ when his or her deviant status becomes more important than any other status he or she occupies.

a.

label of secret deviant

c.

informal status

b.

master status of deviant

d.

label of confederate

ANS: B REF: 200 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

60. An 80 year old woman shoplifts regularly but seems to avoid detection. This is because her age group

a.

possesses the expected auxiliary statuses.

b.

is a secondary deviant.

c.

is a primary deviant.

d.

is not an expected auxiliary status.

ANS: D REF: 200 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3 MSC: SG

61. A person whose life and identity are organized around the facts of deviance is

a.

a primary deviant.

c.

the falsely accused.

b.

a secondary deviant.

d.

a pure deviant.

ANS: B REF: 200 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

62. An employee who uses a company cell phone to make personal calls is likely to be labeled

a.

primary deviant.

c.

falsely accused.

b.

secondary deviant.

d.

pure deviant.

ANS: A REF: 200 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

63. _______________ includes those whose rule breaking is considered so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away.

a.

Primary deviants

c.

Falsely accused

b.

Secondary deviants

d.

Pure deviants

ANS: B REF: 200 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3

64. _____________ includes those whose rule breaking is viewed as understandable.

a.

Primary deviants

c.

Falsely accused

b.

Secondary deviants

d.

Pure deviants

ANS: A REF: 200 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.3 MSC: SG

65. The theory of differential association focuses on

a.

how a criminal behavior is learned.

b.

how an act comes to be labeled as deviant.

c.

the function of deviance.

d.

obedience to authority.

ANS: A REF: 203 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4 MSC: SG

66. “When persons become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and also because of isolation from non-criminal patterns.” This statement represents an essential assumption that underlies ______________ theories.

a.

structural strain

c.

labeling

b.

differential association

d.

constructionist

ANS: B REF: 203 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.4

67. “A deviant individual, whether a thief or revisionist, becomes deviant because of ‘bad’ education or association with ‘bad’ influences.” This statement represents the essential assumptions underlying

a.

structural strain theory.

c.

labeling theory.

b.

differential association theory.

d.

constructionist theory.

ANS: B REF: 203 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.4

68. Which one of the following statements is most closely associated with differential association theory?

a.

It is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance.

b.

Behavior that is unthinkable in an individual who is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders.

c.

When people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and because of isolation from non-criminal patterns.

d.

Deviance is a consequence not of a particular behavior but of the application of rules and sanctions.

ANS: C REF: 203 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4

69. Sutherland and Cressy wrote about “crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations.” They were writing about

a.

corporate crime.

c.

deviance.

b.

white-collar crime.

d.

the falsely accused.

ANS: B REF: 204 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4

70. USX corporation, the nation’s largest steelmaker, illegally discharged waste water from its Gary, Indiana, plant into the Great Calumet River. This is an example of

a.

retreatism.

c.

white-collar crime.

b.

secret deviance.

d.

corporate crime.

ANS: D REF: 204 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.4

71. Differential association alone does not explain how people come to engage in deviant behavior. Other factors are at work, specifically

a.

illegitimate opportunity structures.

b.

faulty socialization.

c.

lack of socialization.

d.

exposure to norms that are considered deviant.

ANS: A REF: 204 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4 MSC: SG

72. The position of pharmacist offers the opportunity to steal prescription drugs. This possibility speaks to

a.

structural strain.

c.

illegitimate opportunity structure.

b.

differential association.

d.

corporate crime.

ANS: C REF: 204 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.4

73. In sociologist Terry Williams’ study of teenagers working for drug suppliers, he learned that the justice system does not send juveniles to prison or treat them as adults. The practice offers teens

a.

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

b.

the chance to be white collar criminals.

c.

an illegitimate opportunity structures.

d.

situations characterized by structural strain.

ANS: C REF: 204 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4

74. In the case of ________, offenders occupy positions in the organization that permit them to carry out illegal activities discreetly.

a.

white-collar crime

c.

deviance

b.

the falsely accused

d.

witch hunts

ANS: A REF: 204 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4

75. In sociologist Terry Williams’ study of teenagers recruited by drug suppliers, he found that teenagers were recruited because

a.

they could be easily influenced.

b.

they generally obey orders.

c.

as minors they could not be sent to prison.

d.

they had a lot of free time on their hands.

ANS: C REF: 204 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4 MSC: SG

76. In sociologist Terry Williams’ study of teenagers recruited by drug suppliers he found that teenagers were susceptible to being recruited because

a.

they saw little chance of finding high paying jobs.

b.

they wanted to go to prison for status reasons.

c.

most were school dropouts.

d.

they saw crime as normal.

ANS: A REF: 204 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4

77. Sociologist Terry Williams finds that to become a successful drug dealer, a youth must learn a number of skills: pleasing the boss, meeting goals, and getting along with associates. These specific findings support

a.

labeling theory.

c.

structural strain.

b.

differential association.

d.

the constructionist approach.

ANS: B REF: 204 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.4

78. For someone to embezzle money, another person has to have entrusted a would-be embezzler with a large sum of money. This fact speaks to dynamics underlying

a.

structural strain.

c.

illegitimate opportunity structure.

b.

differential association.

d.

corporate crime.

ANS: C REF: 204 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.4

MSC: SG

79. In the United States, police efforts are largely directed at controlling

a.

corporate crime.

b.

white collar crime.

c.

crimes against individuals and property.

d.

the behavior of the middle class.

ANS: C REF: 205 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.4

80. According to Robert K. Merton, structural strain exists in the United States because

a.

opportunities are open to all.

b.

people must go to college in order to become successful.

c.

American culture places a high value on social advancement for all its members, regardless of the circumstances into which they are born.

d.

the legitimate means to achieve the culturally-valued goals are clearly defined.

ANS: C REF: 206 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 6.5

81. Structural strain exists when

a.

the valued goals are clear.

b.

the legitimate opportunities to achieve valued goals are open to everyone.

c.

the means to achieve goals are unclear.

d.

a large segment of the population is young.

ANS: C REF: 207 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.5

82. Structural strain induces a state of culture chaos known as

a.

anomie.

c.

differential association.

b.

ritualism.

d.

medicalization.

ANS: A REF: 207 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.5 MSC: SG

83. The ongoing U.S. and global financial crisis grew out of structural strain in which

a.

illegitimate opportunities to reach valued goals were not available.

b.

people were unsure about the future.

c.

the sole focus was on making loans by any means necessary.

d.

the terms of loans were too strict.

ANS: C REF: 207 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.5

MSC: SG

84. An imbalance between valued goals and legitimate means to obtain them exist in all but which one of the following circumstances?

a.

The sole focus is on achieving valued goals by any means necessary.

b.

People are unsure whether the legitimate means of achieving a cultural valued goal will lead to success.

c.

Opportunities to reach valued goals are open to everyone.

d.

There are too few opportunities to satisfy demand.

ANS: C REF: 207 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.5

85. Sociologist Robert Merton observed that “at each income level… Americans want just about 25 percent more” because there is no clear point at which they can feel secure. The situation creates

a.

differential association.

c.

structural strain.

b.

pure deviants.

d.

competition.

ANS: C REF: 208 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.5 MSC: SG

86. Which of the following phrases best summarizes “innovation”?

a.

Win by the rules of the game.

c.

Change the rules to win the game.

b.

I don’t like the game or the rules.

d.

Follow the rules even if you don’t win.

ANS: C REF: 208 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 6.5

MSC: SG

87. Retreatism is a response to structural strain that involves

a.

creating new goals and the means to achieving them.

b.

accepting both cultural goals and legitimate means to achieving them.

c.

accepting cultural goals but rejecting the means to achieving them.

d.

rejecting both cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieving them.

ANS: D REF: 208 OBJ: comprehension

TOP: Mod 6.5