Sadava 10th Edition Life The Science of Biology – Test Bank

Sadava 10th Edition Life The Science of Biology – Test Bank

Test Bank

to accompany

Life: The Science of Biology, Tenth Edition

Sadava • Hillis • Heller • Berenbaum

Chapter 11: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

TEST FILE QUESTIONS

(By Norman Johnson)

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not one of the events required for cell division?
2. Segregation
3. Cytokinesis
4. Crossing over
5. DNA replication
6. All of the above are required for cell division.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

2. A bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells by a process known as
3. nondisjunction.
4. mitosis.
5. meiosis.
6. fission.
7. fertilization.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

3. If a bacterial colony is grown in a medium rich in the amino acid lysine, cell division proceeds rapidly and the colony grows steadily. If the lysine concentration drops, cell division slows; if the lysine concentration is restored, cell division resumes. Lysine is thus a(n)
4. fertilization signal.
5. ori site.
6. reproductive signal.
7. oncogene.
8. fission activator.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

4. Which of the following would most likely result from a mutation in the ori gene of a bacterial cell?
5. The cell would not be able to detect whether conditions were favorable for replication.
6. The initiation of DNA replication would be hindered.
7. DNA replication would be prolonged abnormally.
8. The cell would not be able to segregate DNA molecules.
9. The cell could not undergo meiosis.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

5. During bacterial cell division, a single cell is separated into two cells by
6. centrosomes.
7. spindle fibers.
8. nucleosomes.
9. aneuploidy.
10. pinching of the plasma membrane.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

6. During prokaryotic cell division, two chromosomes separate and are distributed to the daughter cells by
7. attaching themselves to microtubules.
8. a mitotic spindle.
9. repellent forces.
10. attaching themselves to separating membrane regions.
11. Both a and b

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

7. Which of the following statements about cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is true?
8. In prokaryotes, all cells divide if conditions are favorable; in eukaryotes, only a few cells divide, and they do so according to a developmental program.
9. In eukaryotes, all cells divide if conditions are favorable; in prokaryotes, only a few cells divide, and they do so according to a developmental program.
10. The process of segregation is more complicated in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.
11. Both a and c
12. Both b and c

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

8. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?
9. The chromosome number in the resulting cells is halved.
10. DNA replication is completed in prophase.
11. Crossing over occurs during prophase.
12. Two genetically identical daughter cells are formed.
13. It consists of two nuclear divisions.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

9. Which of the following statements about meiosis and mitosis is true?
10. DNA replication occurs only in mitosis.
11. DNA replication occurs only in meiosis.
12. The products of meiosis can be different from one another, while the products of mitosis are all the same (except for rare mutations).
13. The products of mitosis can be different from one another, while the products of meiosis are all the same (except for rare mutations).
14. Mitosis and meiosis are the same process.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

10. A set of cells in the intestinal epithelium divides continually in order to replace dead cells. A microscopic examination of this population of cells would show that most of them
11. have condensed chromatin.
12. are in meiosis.
13. are in mitosis.
14. are in interphase.
15. Both a and b

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

11. Mature nerve cells, which are incapable of cell division, are most likely in
12. G1.
13. the S phase.
14. G2.
15. mitosis.
16. meiosis.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

12. Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is not part of interphase?
13. S
14. G0
15. G1
16. G2
17. M

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

13. How does a nucleus in G2 differ from a nucleus in G1?
14. The G2 nucleus has double the amount of DNA as the G1 nucleus.
15. DNA synthesis occurs only in G1 phase.
16. Inactive cells are arrested only in G2 phase.
17. During G2, the cell prepares for S phase.
18. None of the above; there is no difference in the nucleus between G1 and G2.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

14. If a cell in G2 has 1.6 picograms (pg) of DNA, it had _______ of DNA in G1.
15. 0.4 pg
16. 0.8 pg
17. 1.6 pg
18. 3.2 pg
19. 1.6 pg if it is a plant cell and 3.2 pg if it is an animal cell

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

15. A tissue in a mouse contains two types of cells: one that divides rapidly and one that divides more slowly. The most likely difference between these two cell types is that the slow-dividing cell type spends more time in _______ phase.
16. G1
17. G2
18. G3
19. M
20. S

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

16. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk’s) catalyze the phosphorylation of targeted proteins, a process that
17. decreases the mass of the protein.
18. makes the targeted proteins hydrophobic.
19. changes the shape and function of the targeted proteins.
20. gives the proteins a three-dimensional shape.
21. blocks the cell cycle from proceeding.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

17. Regulation of the cell cycle is dependent on cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. The key that allows a cell to progress beyond the restriction point is
18. the presence of cyclin.
19. the absence of cyclin.
20. the presence of cyclin and Cdk.
21. phosphorylation of RB by Cdk.
22. the presence of external signals from growth factors.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

18. An environmental change that leads to the production of less than the expected amount of cyclin would tend to _______ the activity of the Cdk. This would lead to _______ phosphorylation of the target protein, which in turn would lead to _______ cells being stopped at the checkpoint.
19. increase; increased; more
20. increase; decreased; fewer
21. increase: decreased; fewer
22. decrease; increased; fewer
23. decrease; decreased; more

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

19. Which of the following would be the most likely result of a mutation in a eukaryotic organism that causes it to produce less p21 protein than normal?
20. Cell replication would be slowed if the organism receives radiation.
21. Cells with radiation-induced DNA damage would continue through the cell cycle without repairing the damaged DNA.
22. Cells with incomplete DNA replication would continue through the checkpoint.
23. Cells would not respond to growth factors.
24. Cells would have a hyper-sensitive response to growth factors.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

20. Interleukins and erythropoietin are
21. intracellular signaling molecules.
22. Cdk’s.
23. cyclins.
24. antitumor agents.
25. growth factors.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

21. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is
22. double-stranded and linear.
23. single-stranded and linear.
24. double-stranded and circular.
25. single-stranded and circular.
26. conservative.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

22. Chromosomes contain large amounts of interacting proteins known as
23. pentanes.
24. hexosamines.
25. histones.
26. protein hormones.
27. cyclins.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

23. Replacing Arg in a histone with a neutral amino acid would make the histone _______ positively charged, and _______ likely to bind to DNA.
24. more; more
25. more; less
26. less; more
27. less; less
28. None of the above; this replacement would have no effect because Arg is a neutral amino acid.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

24. The basic structure of chromatin has sometimes been referred to as beads on a string of DNA. These “beads” are called
25. chromosomes.
26. chromatids.
27. supercoils.
28. interphases.
29. nucleosomes.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

25. Chromatin consists of
26. DNA and histones.
27. DNA, histones, and many other proteins.
28. RNA and DNA.
29. RNA, DNA, and non-histone proteins.
30. DNA only.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

26. During mitosis and meiosis the chromatin compacts. Which of the following processes takes place more easily because of this compaction?
27. The orderly distribution of genetic material to two new nuclei
28. DNA replication
29. Exposing of the genetic information on the DNA
30. The unwinding of DNA from the histones
31. The disappearance of the nuclear membrane

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

27. The products of mitosis are
28. one nucleus containing twice as much DNA as the parent nucleus.
29. two genetically identical cells.
30. four nuclei containing half as much DNA as the parent nucleus.
31. four genetically identical nuclei.
32. two genetically identical nuclei.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

28. Centrosomes
29. are constricted regions of phase chromosomes.
30. determine the plane of cell division.
31. are the central region of the cell.
32. are the region where the membrane constricts during cytokinesis.
33. are part of cilia.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

29. Chromatin condenses to form discrete, visible chromosomes
30. early in G1.
31. during S.
32. during metaphase.
33. during prophase.
34. at the end of cytokinesis.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

30. Microtubules that form the mitotic spindle tend to originate from or terminate in
31. centromeres and telomeres.
32. euchromatin.
33. centrioles and telomeres.
34. the nuclear envelope.
35. centrioles and kinetochores.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

31. At the milestone that defines anaphase, the chromosomes
32. separate.
33. come together.
34. are at opposite poles.
35. line up.
36. cross over.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

32. Which of the following does not occur during mitotic prometaphase?
33. Disappearance of the nuclear envelope
34. Initial movement of chromosomes toward the equatorial plate
35. Adhesion of chromatids at the centromere
36. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
37. Disappearance of the nuclei

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

33. The structures that line up the chromatids on the equatorial plate during metaphase are called
34. asters.
35. polar and kinetochore microtubules.
36. centrosomes.
37. centrioles.
38. histones.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

34. The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to a specialized structure in the centromere region of each chromosome called the
35. kinetochore.
36. nucleosome.
37. equatorial plate.
38. aster.
39. centrosome.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

35. At the milestone that defines metaphase, the chromosomes
36. separate.
37. come together.
38. are at opposite poles.
39. cross over.
40. line up at the equatorial plate.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

36. In mitotic metaphase, a cell with eight sister chromatids has _______ centromeres.
37. no
38. one
39. two
40. four
41. eight

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

37. Late in mitotic anaphase, a cell with 28 daughter chromosomes has _______ centromeres in the dividing cell.
38. no
39. 14
40. 28
41. 56
42. None of the above

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

38. The energy to move chromosomes during mitosis is provided by
39. centrioles.
40. DNA polymerization.
41. ATP
42. formation of the cell plate.
43. None of the above; energy is not required for this action.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

39. Which of the following is not involved in the separation of paired chromatids and their movement to opposite poles?
40. Sister chromatids attach to microtubules in opposite halves of the spindle.
41. Separase hydrolyzes cohesion, allowing chromatid separation.
42. Tubulin fibers move the chromatids away from the equatorial plate.
43. Polar microtubules push the chromatids to the poles.
44. ATP is hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic dynein.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

40. At the milestone that defines telophase, the chromosomes
41. separate.
42. come together.
43. cross over.
44. line up.
45. are at opposite poles.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

41. Chromosomes “decondense” into diffuse chromatin
42. at the end of telophase.
43. at the beginning of prophase.
44. at the end of interphase.
45. at the end of metaphase.
46. only in dying cells.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

42. In plant cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by the formation of a(n)
43. aster.
44. membrane furrow.
45. equatorial plate.
46. cell plate.
47. spindle.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

43. The event in the cell division process that clearly involves microfilaments is
44. chromosome separation during anaphase.
45. movement of chromosomes to the metaphase plate.
46. chromosome condensation during prophase.
47. disappearance of the nuclear envelope during prophase.
48. cytokinesis in animal cells.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

44. The distribution of mitochondria between the daughter cells during cytokinesis
45. is random.
46. is directed by the mitotic spindle.
47. is directed by the centrioles.
48. results in the mitochondria remaining in the parent cell.
49. occurs only during meiosis.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

45. The major drawback of asexual reproduction, as compared to sexual reproduction, is that it
46. takes a great deal of time.
47. generates variation.
48. requires cytokinesis.
49. produces less variation among offspring.
50. None of the above; there are no major drawbacks associated with asexual reproduction.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

46. During asexual reproduction, the genetic material of the parent is passed on to the offspring by
47. homologous pairing.
48. meiosis and fertilization.
49. mitosis and cytokinesis.
50. karyotyping.
51. chiasmata.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

47. A haploid cell is a cell
48. in which the genes are arranged haphazardly.
49. containing only one copy of each chromosome.
50. that has resulted from the process of mitosis.
51. with twice the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell.
52. None of the above

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

48. A mechanism for increasing the genetic diversity of offspring is
49. mitosis.
50. cloning.
51. sexual reproduction.
52. cytokinesis.
53. fission.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

49. Most zygotes are
50. multicellular.
51. diploid.
52. animals.
53. clones.
54. gametes.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

50. In a particular diploid organism, somatic cells have 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be present in the gametes of that organism?
51. 1
52. 6
53. 12
54. 24
55. 48

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

51. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals because
52. chromosomes do not have to replicate during asexual reproduction.
53. it involves chromosome replication without cytokinesis.
54. no meiosis or fertilization take place.
55. cell division occurs only in meiosis.
56. the mitotic spindle prevents nondisjunction.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

52. Each diploid cell of a human female contains _______ of each type of chromosome.
53. 1
54. 2
55. 4
56. 23
57. 46

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

53. In an organism with a haplontic life cycle, the adult multicellular organism is _______, and the time spent between fertilization and meiosis is _______ the time spent between meiosis and fertilization.
54. haploid; longer than
55. haploid; shorter than
56. diploid; longer than
57. diploid; equal to
58. diploid; shorter than

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

54. Organisms that are haplontic differ from those that are diplontic in
55. whether their cell cycles contain checkpoints.
56. the number of chromosomes they contain.
57. the extent to which they develop in the diploid state during their life cycle.
58. whether they undergo meiosis.
59. None of the above

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

55. In the sexual life cycle called alternation of generations, an organism spends roughly equal amounts of time in the _______ and the _______ stages.
56. monosomic; trisomic
57. haploid; monosomic
58. haploid; diploid
59. prokaryotic; eukaryotic
60. haplontic; diplontic

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

56. Which of the following statements about homologous chromosome pairs is false?
57. They come from only one of the individual’s parents.
58. They usually contain slightly different versions of the same genetic information.
59. They separate from each other during meiosis I.
60. They synapse during meiosis I.
61. All of the above are true; none is false.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

57. During meiosis, the sister chromatids separate during
58. anaphase I.
59. anaphase II.
60. S phase.
61. telophase I.
62. telophase II.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

58. At the end of the first meiotic division, each chromosome consists of
59. chiasmata.
60. a homologous chromosome pair.
61. four copies of each DNA molecule.
62. two chromatids.
63. a pair of polar microtubules.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

59. Which of the following statements about sister chromatids is false?
60. They arise by replication during S phase.
61. They separate from each other during each mitotic anaphase.
62. They usually contain identical versions of the same genetic information.
63. They are joined during prophase I and metaphase I at their common centromere.
64. They separate from each other during meiosis I.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

60. The exchange of genetic material between chromatids on homologous chromosomes occurs during
61. interphase.
62. mitosis and meiosis.
63. prophase I.
64. anaphase I.
65. anaphase II.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

61. The total DNA content of each daughter cell is reduced during meiosis because
62. chromosomes do not replicate during the interphase preceding meiosis I.
63. chromosomes do not replicate between meiosis I and II.
64. half of the chromosomes from each gamete are lost during fertilization.
65. sister chromatids separate during anaphase of meiosis I.
66. chromosome arms are lost during crossing over.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

62. The four haploid nuclei found at the end of meiosis differ from one another in their exact genetic composition. Some of this difference is the result of
63. cytokinesis.
64. replication of DNA during the S phase.
65. separation of sister chromatids at anaphase II.
66. spindle formation.
67. crossing over during prophase I.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

63. A species of a grass has a haploid number of 14. How many different types of gametes can be produced from meiosis in a diploid individual from independent assortment alone (i.e., no crossing over)?
64. 2⁷
65. 2¹⁴
66. 2²⁸
67. 14²
68. 28²

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

64. The diploid number for Norway rats is 42. How many different types of gametes can be produced from meiosis in a diploid organism from independent assortment alone (i.e., no crossing over)?
65. 2²¹
66. 2⁴²
67. 2⁸⁴
68. 21²
69. 42²

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

65. The second meiotic division of meiosis
66. returns the chromosome number to diploid before fertilization.
67. allows for crossing over and random distribution of chromosomes.
68. reduces cell size by dividing the cytoplasm in half.
69. prevents chromosome copies from doubling at each fertilization.
70. is a step required for fertilization to take place.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

66. One difference between mitosis and meiosis I is that
67. homologous chromosome pairs synapse during mitosis.
68. chromosomes do not replicate in the interphase preceding meiosis.
69. homologous chromosome pairs synapse during meiosis but not during mitosis.
70. spindles composed of microtubules are not required during meiosis.
71. sister chromatids separate during meiosis but not during mitosis.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

67. The diagnosis of Down syndrome is made by examining the individual’s
68. spores.
69. karyotype.
70. chromatin.
71. nucleosomes.
72. kinetochores.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

68. Mitotic prophase differs from prophase I of meiosis in that
69. chromatin becomes supercoiled only in mitotic prophase.
70. the nuclear envelope disappears only in prophase I of meiosis.
71. synapsis occurs only in mitotic prophase.
72. the chromatids separate in mitotic prophase, not in prophase I of meiosis.
73. crossing over is characteristic of prophase I of meiosis but not of mitotic prophase.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

69. Accidents that can occur during meiosis and result in trisomies and monosomies are called
70. nondisjunctions.
71. inversions.
72. reciprocal translocations.
73. recombinations.
74. acrocentricities.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

70. A potato has a diploid number of 48. If an egg of this plant has 23 chromosomes, the most likely explanation is that
71. normal meiosis has occurred.
72. nondisjunction occurred during meiosis I.
73. normal mitosis has occurred.
74. nondisjunction occurred during mitosis.
75. crossing over occurred during meiosis I.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

71. The fact that most monosomies and trisomies are lethal to human embryos illustrates the
72. importance of the orderly distribution of genetic material during meiosis.
73. exchange of genetic information during crossing over.
74. advantage of sexual reproduction to the survival of a population.
75. fact that each chromosome contains a single molecule of DNA.
76. formation of haploid gametes as a result of meiosis.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

72. The haploid number in Drosophila melanogaster is 4. How many chromosomes would a trisomic individual have?
73. 3
74. 7
75. 8
76. 9
77. 12

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

73. The diploid number of a species of conifer is 64. How many chromosomes would a monosomic individual have?
74. 31
75. 32
76. 63
77. 64
78. 65

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

74. A triploid nucleus will have difficulty undergoing meiosis because
75. the DNA cannot replicate.
76. not all of the chromosomes can form homologous pairs.
77. the sister chromatids cannot separate.
78. cytokinesis cannot occur.
79. a cell plate cannot form.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

75. To produce larger seeds, researchers cross two varieties of a grain. These researchers are attempting to cause
76. aneuploidy.
77. autopolyploidy.
78. allopolyploidy.
79. apoptosis.
80. translocation.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

76. The process of programmed cell death is called
77. necrosis.
78. lysis.
79. cell displacement.
80. apoptosis.
81. chiasmata.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

77. Which of the following statements about necrosis is true?
78. It requires ATP.
79. It does not cause inflammation.
80. It may occur when cells are damaged by toxins.
81. It produces nucleosome-sized pieces of chromatin.
82. It results in fragmentation of the cell.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

78. Which of the following is an indicator of programmed cell death?
79. Fragmented chromatin
80. Swelling of the membrane
81. Cell lysis
82. Loss of transcription control
83. None of the above

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

79. Caspases play a role in the process of
80. autopolyploidy.
81. allopolyploidy.
82. aneuploidy.
83. necrosis.
84. apoptosis.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

80. Which of the following statements about benign tumors is true?
81. Their cells do not resemble the cells of the parent tissue.
82. Their cells are often irregular, with nuclei of various sizes and shapes.
83. Their cells grow more rapidly than the surrounding cells.
84. They often metastasize.
85. They are not cancerous.

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

81. One-fourth of all human breast cancers have been found to have an increased amount of the oncogene
82. p21.
83. HER2.
84. Cdk.
85. Cyclin.
86. RB.

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

82. Knowledge of the cell cycle has led to improved means of treating cancer. The drug 5-fluorouracil, which blocks the synthesis of thymine, inhibits the cell cycle during
83. G1 phase.
84. G2 phase.
85. S phase.
86. prophase.
87. metaphase.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

83. Knowledge of the cell cycle has led to improved means of treating cancer. Taxol, which prevents the microtubules of the spindle fiber from functioning normally, prevents the cell cycle from entering
84. G1.
85. G2.
86. S.
87. prophase.
88. interphase.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

84. High-energy radiation is often used to treat cancer. The radiation damages the cancerous cells, and the cell cycle checkpoint for DNA repair is overwhelmed. Radiation therefore
85. causes apoptosis when cells are at the S and G2 checkpoints.
86. inhibits the growth factor at the restriction point.
87. blocks DNA replication.
88. causes apoptosis only at the tumor site.
89. kills all tumor cells without harming healthy cells.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

Fill in the Blank

1. The orderly distribution of genetic information occurs in prokaryotic cells by a process known as binary _______.

Answer: fission

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

2. If a bacterial colony is grown in a medium rich in the sugar fructose, cell division proceeds rapidly and the colony grows steadily. If the fructose concentration drops, cell division slows, and if fructose is restored, cell division resumes. Fructose is thus a _______.

Answer: reproductive signal

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

3. Bacteria have a short sequence called _______ where DNA synthesis begins.

Answer: ori

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

4. When a DNA molecule of a eukaryotic chromosome doubles, it is then made up of two joined _______.

Answer: chromatids (or sister chromatids)

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

5. The process that ensures that only one of each pair of chromosomes is included in a gamete is _______.

Answer: meiosis (or segregation)

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

6. The stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replicates is called _______.

Answer: S phase

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

7. G2 phase always follows _______ phase.

Answer: S

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

8. If a cell in G1 has 1.2 picograms (pg) of DNA, it will have _______ pg of DNA in G2.

Answer: 2.4

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

9. If a mutation renders a cyclin-Cdk more likely to phosphorylate RB, the result will be _______ (more/fewer) active RB molecules and _______ (more/fewer) cells going through the checkpoint.

Answer: fewer; more

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

10. In order to divide, cells must be stimulated by external chemical signals called _______.

Answer: growth factors

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

11. The process that ensures that genetic information is passed on to a cell’s daughter cells is _______.

Answer: mitosis

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

12. Replacing a neutral amino acid in a histone with arginine would make the histone _______ (more/less) positively charged and _______ (more/less) likely to bind to DNA.

Answer: more; more

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

13. The chromatin _______ during prophase.

Answer: condenses

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

14. The milestone event that defines entry into prometaphase is loss of the _______.

Answer: nuclear envelope

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

15. During prometaphase, each chromatid is held together by a(n) _______.

Answer: centromere

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

16. In mitotic metaphase, there are 12 sister chromatids in a cell. Thus, there would be _______ centromeres are in the cell.

Answer: 6

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

17. In general, the division of the cell, which is called _______, follows immediately after mitosis.

Answer: cytokinesis

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

18. In plants, a(n) _______ forms at the equatorial region of a dividing cell.

Answer: cell plate

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

19. The “invisible thread” that pinches animal cells apart during cell division is made of _______ and _______.

Answer: actin; myosin

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

20. A zygote usually has _______ copies of each chromosome.

Answer: two

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

21. If an egg of a species has 32 chromosomes, then a zygote would have _______ chromosomes.

Answer: 64

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

22. If a zygote of a species has 38 chromosomes, then a gamete would have _______ chromosomes.

Answer: 19

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

23. A(n) _______ is one member of a pair of chromosomes that share the same overall genetic composition and sequence.

Answer: homolog

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

24. During prophase I of meiosis, a unique event called _______ results in the formation of recombinant chromosomes.

Answer: crossing over

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

25. The pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis is called _______.

Answer: synapsis

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

26. Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids occurs during meiosis _______ at the _______.

Answer: I; chiasmata

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

27. In an organism in which the diploid number is 10, _______ different types of gametes can be produced by independent assortment alone.

Answer: 32 (or 2⁵)

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

28. Occasionally, a homologous chromosome pair fails to separate during anaphase I of meiosis. One of the resulting cells lacks a copy of this chromosome, whereas the other contains both members of the homologous pair. These abnormal cells are called _______ cells.

Answer: aneuploid

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

29. The haploid number of a species of tuna is 28. A monosomic individual would therefore have _______ chromosomes.

Answer: 55

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

30. During a process known as _______, a piece of one chromosome breaks off and becomes joined to a different chromosome.

Answer: translocation

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

31. If the haploid number of a species of a plant is 15, and you discover an individual with 60 chromosomes, you can conclude that the individual is a(n) _______.

Answer: tetraploid

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

32. Some individuals are born with webbed hands that have tissue between the individual digits. The most likely cause of this anomaly is the failure of _______ during fetal development.

Answer: apoptosis

Textbook Reference: 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

33. Enzymes known as _______ hydrolyze target molecules in cells undergoing apoptosis.

Answer: caspases

Textbook Reference: 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

34. Mutations in a gene called neu reduce the expression of the gene and can lead to cancer. Thus, neu is likely a(n) _______ gene.

Answer: tumor suppressor

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

35. Increased expression of the gene FY3 leads to increased risk of cancer. Thus, FY3 is likely a(n) _______.

Answer: oncogene

Textbook Reference: 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

Diagram

1.‒2. Refer to the figure below showing cyclin binding Cdk.

1. At what step does allosteric regulation occur?

Answer: Step 1

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

2. The regulation carried out by cyclins and Cdk’s varies across the cell cycle. What is the primary reason for this variation?

Answer: The concentration of cyclins varies over the course of the cell cycle.

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

3.‒5. Refer to the figure below showing cyclin-dependent kinases regulating the progress of the cell cycle.

3. At what point is commitment made to another cell cycle?

Answer: Late in G1 phase, after the restriction point (R)

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

4. Where would non-dividing cells be located?

Answer: Early in G1 phase, before the restriction point

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

5. At which phase does the cyclin-cdk complex regulate the repair of incomplete DNA replication?

Answer: S phase

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

6.‒7. Refer to the diagram below showing a phase of mitosis.

6. Which cell structure is indicated by the two leaders?
7. Chromosome
8. Centromere
9. Chromatid
10. Kinetochore microtubule
11. Centrioles

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

7. What phase is shown here?
8. Mitosis prophase
9. Mitosis metaphase
10. Mitosis anaphase
11. Meiosis prophase I
12. Meiosis prophase II

Answer: b

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

8.‒10. Refer to the diagram below.

8. This diagram depicts
9. prophase I.
10. prophase II.
11. metaphase I.
12. metaphase II.
13. anaphase.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

9. Which of the following statements about the chromosomes is true?
10. The red chromosomes are both derived from the same parent.
11. One of the red chromosomes and one of the blue chromosomes came from the same parent.
12. The two red chromosomes are homologous.
13. Both a and c
14. Both b and c

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

10. The “crossing over” process results in an X-shaped region called the _______.

Answer: chiasma

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

11.‒13. Refer to the diagram below showing the evolution of wheat.

11. What type of polyploidy is depicted in the diagram?

Answer: Allopolyploidy

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

12. According to the diagram, what is the ploidy level of the most modern form of wheat?
13. 1n
14. 2n
15. 3n
16. 4n
17. 6n

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

13. If the haploid number is 7, how many chromosomes are in the gametes of the most modern form of wheat?

Answer: 21

Textbook Reference: 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

DIAGNOSTIC QUIZ QUESTIONS (from BioPortal)

(By Norman Johnson)

1. Which of the following events in prokaryotes is most like the segregation of sister chromatids in eukaryotic mitosis?
2. Ori regions moving toward opposite ends of the cell
3. Replication beginning at the ori site
4. Replication ending at the ter site
5. The plasma membrane pinching in to form a ring of fibers similar to a purse string
6. Formation of a cell wall

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

2. Which of the following eukaryotic processes has no analogue in prokaryotes?
3. Response to reproductive signals
4. DNA replication
5. Segregation of DNA to new cells
6. Meiosis
7. Cytokinesis

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

3. Which of the following does not occur during interphase?
4. DNA replication
5. The synthesis of cellular components necessary for mitosis
6. The generation of sister chromatids
7. The condensation of chromatin
8. None of the above; all occur during interphase.

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

4. A cell in G2 has 4.8 picograms (pg) of DNA. In G1, this cell had _______ pg of DNA.
5. 0.5
6. 1.2
7. 2.4
8. 4.8
9. 7.2

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

5. An environmental change leads to cyclin being degraded at a rate much faster than normal. Such a change would tend to _______ the activity of the Cdk, which would lead to _______ phosphorylation of the target protein, which in turn would lead to _______ cells being stopped at the checkpoint.
6. increase; increased; more
7. increase; decreased; fewer
8. decrease: increased; fewer
9. decrease; decreased; more
10. decrease; decreased; fewer

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing

6. A mutation frequently causes a chromosome of a cell line to become detached from the spindle. The most likely consequence of this mutation is that _______ cells will be stopped at the _______ checkpoint.
7. more; G1
8. more; G2
9. fewer; G1
10. more; M
11. fewer; M

Answer: d

Textbook Reference: 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

7. A cell in G2 contains 36 sister chromatids. This same cell in G1 would have
8. 18 chromosomes.
9. 36 chromosomes.
10. 18 sister chromatids.
11. 36 sister chromatids.
12. 72 sister chromatids.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

8. Which of the following, about anaphase, is true?
9. It is the phase when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
10. It involves chromosomes lining up at the equatorial plate.
11. It occurs before the nuclear envelope breaks down.
12. It takes place just before cytokinesis.
13. It takes place immediately after prophase.

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

9. The spindle forms during _______ of mitosis.
10. anaphase
11. metaphase
12. prophase
13. telophase
14. None of the above; the spindle does not form during mitosis.

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

10. In mitotic metaphase, there are 40 sister chromatids in a cell. How many centromeres are there in the cell?
11. 1
12. 2
13. 20
14. 40
15. 80

Answer: c

Textbook Reference: 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?

Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

11. If the haploid number of a mammalian cell is 32, there will be _______ sister chromatids during metaphase of mitosis.
12. 4
13. 16
14. 32
15. 64
16. 128

Answer: e

Textbook Reference: 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle?

Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing