Name: Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th Edition Frederick J Gravetter - Test Bank
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Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th Edition Frederick J Gravetter – Test Bank

1. Which research strategy is least concerned with examining relationships between variables?

descriptive

correlational

experimental

quasi-experimental

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.01 – Describe the five research strategies (descriptive, correlational, experimental, quasi-experimental, and nonexperimental); the kinds of questions they address and the data structures they produce; and recognize examples of each.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

2. As the values for one variable increase from one person to another, the values for a second variable tend to decrease. This is an example of a(n) ____ relationship.

positive

negative

curvilinear

inconsistent

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

3. As the values for one variable decrease from one person to another, the values for a second variable also tend to decrease. This is an example of a(n) ____ relationship.

positive

negative

curvilinear

inconsistent

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

4. A scatter plot showing the relationship between two variables shows data points that form a straight-line pattern. What kind of relationship is indicated by this pattern?

positive

negative

curvilinear

linear

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

5. Which question can be addressed with a descriptive strategy?

What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month?

Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents?

Does decreasing the number of text messages sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure?

Will restricting access to portable devices increase the number of pages read for leisure?

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

6. A study examining the percentage of college-age students who are in committed relationships is an example of what research approach?

experimental

quasi-experimental

correlational

descriptive

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

7. A research study records a score measuring Facebook use and a score measuring happiness level for each individual in a group of 20-year-old women. The study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables. This study is best characterized as ____ research.

descriptive

correlational

experimental

nonexperimental

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

8. A research study begins by separating a sample of 20-year-old women into two groups: a high Facebook use group and a low Facebook use group. A score measuring happiness is then obtained for each woman. The study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between Facebook use and happiness. This study is an example of the ____ research strategy.

descriptive

correlational

experimental

nonexperimental

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

9. Which question is best addressed with the correlational strategy?

What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month?

Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents?

Does decreasing the number of text messages sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure?

Will restricting access to portable devices increase the number of pages read for leisure?

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

10. Which question is best addressed with the experimental strategy?

What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month?

Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents?

Does decreasing the number of text messages that can be sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure?

Do teenagers who text less get better grades?

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

11. Experiments allow researchers to ____.

eliminate experimenter bias

answer questions about the existence of a relationship between two variables

observe naturally occurring behavior

answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

12. Which research strategy attempts to address questions about cause-and-effect relationships but fails to produce an unambiguous answer because the study contains a flaw?

experimental

quasi-experimental

nonexperimental

correlational

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

13. A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with self-esteem scores for a group later-born boys. This study is an example of the ____ strategy.

nonexperimental

correlational

experimental

quasi-experimental

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

14. Which research strategies produce similar data structures that use similar statistical analyses?

descriptive and correlational

correlational and experimental

correlational and nonexperimental

experimental, quasi-experimental, and nonexperimental

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

15. Which research strategies attempt to address the same question about the relationship between variables?

descriptive and correlational

correlational and experimental

correlational and nonexperimental

experimental, quasi-experimental, and nonexperimental

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

16. A research ____ is a general plan for implementing the research strategy.

procedure

design

study

protocol

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.02 – Define research strategy, research design, and research procedures, and describe the choices and decisions involved during these three stages in the development of a research study.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

17. A research ____ is a general approach that is intended to address a specific question.

procedure

design

strategy

protocol

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

18. Deciding whether a study will compare different groups of individuals or examine changes within the same group of individuals involves a decision about the research ____.

procedure

design

strategy

protocol

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

19. The degree to which your research results generalize beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to ____.

internal validity

external validity

general validity

reliability

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.03 – Define the concept of external validity and a threat to external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

20. Any factor that limits the ability to generalize the results of the study is a threat to ____.

internal validity

external validity

reliability

accuracy

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.03 – Define the concept of external validity and a threat to external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

21. If a researcher finds that room color influences mood of the adults in a sample, then the researcher would like to conclude that room color affects the mood of ____.

children as well

any individual

adults in general

adolescents even more

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.03 – Define the concept of external validity and a threat to external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

22. A study is ____ if it produces only one explanation for the results.

internally valid

externally valid

reliable

accurate

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.04 – Define the concept of internal validity and a threat to internal validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

23. The ____ of a research study is concerned with factors in the study that raise doubts about the interpretation of the results.

internal validity

external validity

reliability

accuracy

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.04 – Define the concept of internal validity and a threat to internal validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

24. A researcher who is studying methods of decreasing test anxiety decides to measure anxiety in a group of volunteers both before and after an experimental intervention. He finds that anxiety levels are lower after the intervention. However, when reviewing his results, the researcher notes that the first test occurred about a week before midterm exams and the second test occurred two weeks after the exams. This study appears to have a problem with ____.

internal validity

external validity

reliability

accuracy

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.04 – Define the concept of internal validity and a threat to internal validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

25. A researcher finds that in a laboratory a meditation session decreases anxiety scores of college students. The researcher wonders whether the meditation session would decrease anxiety in clients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This researcher is considering the ____ of the findings.

external validity

internal validity

reliability

accuracy

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.3 Threats to External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.05 – Identify and explain the common threats to external validity and identify threats when they appear in a research report.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

26. A researcher finds that a particular medication causes rats’ memory to improve. A second researcher plans to test this medication with humans diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The second researcher is addressing the problem of ____.

external validity

internal validity

reliability

accuracy

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.3 Threats to External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.05 – Identify and explain the common threats to external validity and identify threats when they appear in a research report.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

27. A researcher is concerned that experimental results obtained with college students may not apply to adults in the general population. This illustrates a concern with ____ validity.

internal

external

experimental

correlational

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.3 Threats to External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.05 – Identify and explain the common threats to external validity and identify threats when they appear in a research report.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

28. Sensitization can threaten external validity because the results obtained in a study may be limited to ____.

the unique circumstances of the research study

individuals who have experienced a pretest

individuals who have experienced a series of conditions

participants who take on a variety of subject roles

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.3 Threats to External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.05 – Identify and explain the common threats to external validity and identify threats when they appear in a research report.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

29. In which research situation would the study be confounded?

An extraneous variable varies systematically along with the two variables being studied.

Two or more extraneous variables vary systematically together.

An extraneous variable does not vary systematically with the other variables being investigated.

An extraneous variable does not vary systematically with other extraneous variables.

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.06 – Describe how extraneous variables can become confounding variables and threaten the internal validity of a research study; identify threats when they appear in a research report.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

30. A research study finds that a group of participants who received relaxation training had lower exam anxiety scores than a group who did not receive training. However, the researcher suspects that the difference between groups may be caused by the fact that the participants in one group are generally smarter than those in the other. This study has a problem with ____.

internal validity

external validity

experimental validity

correlational validity

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

31. A(n) ____variable is a variable in a study that is not being directly studied.

independent

dependent

extraneous

lax

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

32. A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in both groups consist of a mixture of males and females. In this study, gender (male/female) is best characterized as a(n) ____ variable.

independent

dependent

extraneous

confounding

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

33. A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants presented with the humorous sentences are all males. The participants presented with the nonhumorous sentences are all females. In this study, gender (male/female) is best characterized as a(n) ____ variable.

independent

dependent

extraneous

confounding

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Application

34. When participants in one treatment condition have characteristics that are different from the characteristics of participants in another treatment condition, then ____ may be threatened.

internal validity

external validity

reliability

accuracy

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.07 – Describe how environmental variables can be threats to internal validity for all studies, how some variables can threaten studies that compare different groups, and how other variables can threaten studies that compare scores for one group over time.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

35. A researcher designs a study to determine whether teaching style affects third grader’s motivation to succeed in math. One teacher, with one style, teaches math to one class of children. Another teacher, with a different style, teaches math to a different class of children. The researcher finds that the children in the first class are more motivated to succeed in math. These differences in motivation can be explained by ____.

dislike of math

teaching styles and teachers

time of day

room color

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Application

36. In research studies that compare different groups of individuals for each of the treatment conditions, ____ is a threat to internal validity.

time

assignment bias

novelty

sensitivity

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

37. A researcher designs a study to determine whether female preschoolers prefer sweetened or unsweetened cereal. The researcher first presents the children with the sweet cereal and measures how much they ate. Later, during the same session, the researcher presents the children with the unsweetened cereal and measures how much they ate. The research finds that the group of preschoolers ate more of the sweetened cereal and therefore prefers the sweetened cereal. Is this conclusion justified?

Yes; this conclusion is justified.

No; this conclusion is not justified. Individual differences could threaten the results.

No; this conclusion is not justified. Time-related variables could threaten the results.

No; this conclusion is not justified. Children’s gender could threaten the results

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.4 Threats to Internal Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

38. The results of a study may be influenced by the experimenter’s expectations regarding the outcome of the study. This artifact is known as ____.

reactivity

novelty

experimenter bias

volunteerism

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.5 More About Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.08 – Define experimenter bias, demand characteristics, and reactivity, and explain how these artifacts can threaten both internal and external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

39. Demand characteristics can threaten internal validity because the results ____.

may not generalize to situations where demand characteristics are different

may be specific to the experimenter who has the expectations

can be explained by reactivity instead of the treatment conditions

correlate with those that threaten external validity

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.5 More About Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.08 – Define experimenter bias, demand characteristics, and reactivity, and explain how these artifacts can threaten both internal and external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

40. When research is conducted in a ____, participants are not influenced by ____.

laboratory; reactivity

laboratory; novelty

field; reactivity

field; demand characteristics

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.5 More About Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.08 – Define experimenter bias, demand characteristics, and reactivity, and explain how these artifacts can threaten both internal and external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

41. When the data points in a scatter plot form a circular pattern, it is an indication that there is no consistent relationship between the two variables.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

42. The descriptive research strategy is the only strategy that is not concerned with relationships between variables.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

43. Experimental and nonexperimental studies both involve comparing groups of scores.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

44. Both correlational and nonexperimental studies intend to examine relationships between variables without trying to explain the relationships.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

45. Of all the research strategies that investigate relationships between variables, the correlational strategy is the only one that does not involve comparing groups of scores.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Difficult

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

46. The purpose of the correlational research strategy is to describe the relationship between two variables and measure its strength.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Easy

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

47. The purpose of the descriptive research strategy is to describe the relationship between two variables.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

DIFFICULTY:

Easy

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

48. A research design is a general approach that is intended to address a specific question.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.1 Research Strategies

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

49. If there are two or more possible explanations for the results of a research study, then the study has a problem with external validity.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.03 – Define the concept of external validity and a threat to external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

50. Any factor that limits the ability to generalize the results of a research study to different populations or different environments is a threat to external validity.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Easy

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.03 – Define the concept of external validity and a threat to external validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

51. Any factor that allows for an alternative explanation for the results of a study is a threat to external validity.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

DIFFICULTY:

Easy

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.04 – Define the concept of internal validity and a threat to internal validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

52. An extraneous variable is any variable that is inadvertently part of a research study but not directly investigated.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.04 – Define the concept of internal validity and a threat to internal validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

53. An extraneous variable can become a confounding variable if it changes systematically along with the other variables being examined in a research study.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Moderate

REFERENCES:

6.2 Internal and External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.04 – Define the concept of internal validity and a threat to internal validity.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

54. The problem with using college students as research participants is that college students are not perfectly representative of the general adult population.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

DIFFICULTY:

Easy

REFERENCES:

6.3 Threats to External Validity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

GRAV.METH.16.06.05 – Identify and explain the common threats to external validity and identify threats when they appear in a research report.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Analyze

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Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th Edition Frederick J Gravetter – Test Bank

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