Philosophy A Text with Readings 11th Edition By Manuel Velasquez -Test Bank

Philosophy A Text with Readings 11th Edition By Manuel Velasquez -Test Bank

Chapter 8—Social and Political Philosophy

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which two needs does Hobbes believes drive human action?

a.

Personal gain and love of others

b.

Personal gain and survival

c.

Love of others and survival

d.

Love of others and desire for peace

ANS: B PTS: 1

2. What, according to Hobbes, is the “chief end” of men uniting into a commonwealth?

a.

Survival

b.

Preservation of property

c.

Peace

d.

Survival of the fittest

ANS: B PTS: 1

3. Thomas Jefferson was a disciple of

a.

Locke

b.

Rosseau

c.

Hobbes

d.

Plato

ANS: A PTS: 1

4. Who wrote of the “General Will”?

a.

Locke

b.

Rosseau

c.

Hobbes

d.

Plato

ANS: B PTS: 1

5. Who said that the state was “prior to the individual”?

a.

Rawls

b.

Aristotle

c.

Plato

d.

Bentham

ANS: B PTS: 1

6. Who held that justice consisted of each person doing the job appropriate to their class?

a.

Rawls

b.

Sandel

c.

Aristotle

d.

Plato

ANS: D PTS: 1

7. The view that in a just society everyone will be given equal shares of burdens and benefits is

a.

Strict egalitarianism

b.

Substantive egalitarianism

c.

Formal equality

d.

Rawlsian equality

ANS: A PTS: 1

8. Who most explicitly stated the view that justice is what promotes the general welfare?

a.

J. S. Mill

b.

G. E. Moore

c.

Plato

d.

Hobbes

ANS: A PTS: 1

9. The view that the wealth that is produced in society belongs to everyone in society is

a.

Formal Egalitarianism

b.

Substantive egalitarianism

c.

Libertarianism

d.

Socialism

ANS: D PTS: 1

10. According to Nozick, what sort of theory of justice does Rawls develop?

a.

Formal

b.

Patterned

c.

Historical

d.

Socialist

ANS: B PTS: 1

11. What philosopher wrote that life without government would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”?

a.

John Locke

b.

John Rawls

c.

Thomas Hobbes

d.

John Stuart Mill

ANS: C PTS: 1

12. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke agree that

a.

the government must have absolute power in order to avoid chaos.

b.

a government derives its authority from God.

c.

rationality enables humans to perceive the necessity of entering a social contract to create the state.

d.

prior to the formation of government we do not have any rights.

ANS: C PTS: 1

13. What philosopher wrote: “Man was born free, but he is everywhere in chains.”?

a.

John Locke

b.

Karl Marx

c.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

d.

Thomas Hobbes

ANS: C PTS: 1

14. In opposition to social contract theory, David Hume argued

a.

the government must have absolute power in order to avoid chaos.

b.

the government derives its authority from God.

c.

there is no legitimate authority for government.

d.

governments are formed by conquest or succession.

ANS: D PTS: 1

15. Which of the following is a concept in John Rawl’s philosophy that is similar to the concept of the “state of nature”?

a.

the original position

b.

the natural law

c.

social utility

d.

natural rights

ANS: A PTS: 1

16. Rawls’ “difference principle” states that

a.

there should be no differences in people’s e economic rewards.

b.

society should not control the distribution of wealth.

c.

social and economic inequalities should be arranged to result in the greatest benefit to the least advantaged.

d.

social and economic differences are acceptable as long as they result from differences in people’s natural abilities.

ANS: C PTS: 1

17. Three of the communitarians discussed in this chapter were

a.

Charles Taylor, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Michael Sandel

b.

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Michael Sandel

c.

George Hegel, Karl Marx and John Rawls

d.

Thomas Hobbes, Charles Taylor and Karl Marx

ANS: A PTS: 1

18. Which of the following philosophers argued that the individual will develop fully only if he embraces the cultural practices of the state of which he is a member?

a.

John Rawls

b.

Karl Marx

c.

George W. F. Hegel

d.

Charles Taylor

ANS: C PTS: 1

19. What philosopher associated justice with merit, in the sense that individuals are treated and given a station in life according to their talents and accomplishments?

a.

Plato

b.

Aristotle

c.

Thomas Hobbes

d.

Karl Marx

ANS: A PTS: 1

20. What philosopher argues that in a just society work burdens should be distributed according to people’s abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people’s needs?

a.

Georg W. F. Hegel

b.

Karl Marx

c.

Plato

d.

John Rawls

ANS: B PTS: 1

21. What philosopher argues that the just society is the one that distributes benefits and burdens in whatever way will produce the greatest social benefits or inflict the lowest social harms?

a.

Karl Marx

b.

John Rawls

c.

John Stuart Mill

d.

Michael Sandel

ANS: C PTS: 1

22. Who is being quoted in this passage? “Benefits and burdens are distributed justly when society allows every individual the freedom to do what he chooses to do for himself or for others, the freedom to keep what he makes for himself or what others choose to give him, and the freedom to keep what he has or give it to whomever he chooses.”

a.

John Rawls

b.

Karl Marx

c.

John Stuart Mill

d.

Robert Nozick

ANS: D PTS: 1

23. Which of the following philosophers argued that a law is nothing more than a command issued by a ruler, backed by threats of punishment and maintained by a habit of obedience?

a.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

b.

John Austin

c.

Thomas Aquinas

d.

John Stuart Mill

ANS: B PTS: 1

24. In his defense of civil disobedience, Martin Luther King, Jr. argued that

a.

violent resistance to an unjust law is morally justified.

b.

the law cannot be used to enforce morality.

c.

instead of trying to change people’s hearts, we should kill the people who uphold unjust laws.

d.

an unjust law is no law at all.

ANS: D PTS: 1

25. In this chapter, the philosopher who defined a right as a justified entitlement or claim on others was

a.

Thomas Jefferson

b.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

c.

H. J. McCloskey

d.

Michael Sandel

ANS: C PTS: 1

TRUE/FALSE

1. Only governments can conduct wars.

ANS: T PTS: 1

2. Hobbes believed that the authority of the state was justified.

ANS: T PTS: 1

3. Rousseau was a social contract theorist.

ANS: T PTS: 1

4. Hegel believed that the state was unnatural.

ANS: F PTS: 1

5. Plato believed that individuals were naturally equal.

ANS: F PTS: 1

6. Hume believed that everyone was equal.

ANS: T PTS: 1

7. Nozick was a welfare liberal.

ANS: F PTS: 1

8. Zeno rejected Stoicism.

ANS: F PTS: 1

9. Negative rights are rights that protect freedoms of various kinds.

ANS: T PTS: 1

10. Pacifists assert that morality applies to the relations between nations.

ANS: T PTS: 1

COMPLETION

1. ____________________ ____________________ is the philosophical study of society and its problems.

ANS: Social philosophy

PTS: 1

2. ____________________ ____________________ says that individuals give up certain rights and liberties to the state, which guarantees other rights.

ANS: Contract theory

PTS: 1

3. Leviathan was written by ____________________.

ANS: Hobbes

PTS: 1

4. Hobbes based his political philosophy on the principles of ____________________ ____________________.

ANS: scientific materialism

PTS: 1

5. Hegel believed that the state was ____________________ ____________________ than the individual.

ANS: more important

PTS: 1

6. The ____________________ ____________________ claims that there are no relevant differences among people when it comes to justice.

ANS: strict egalitarian

PTS: 1

7. ____________________ argues that people should realize their human potential through productive work that exercises their capacities.

ANS: Marx

PTS: 1

8. ____________________ ____________________ favor limited government.

ANS: Classical liberals

PTS: 1

9. God’s decrees for the governance of the universe was termed by Aquinas divine or ____________________ law.

ANS: eternal

PTS: 1

10. Mill’s central concern in On Liberty is the freedom of the ____________________.

ANS: individual

PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. Drawing from the Crito dialogue (discussed in Chapter 1) do you believe that you have any obligation to obey the state? Support your answer by reference to the theories of at least two of the following: Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

2. What assumptions about human nature does Rawls make in developing his theory of justice using the artifice of the original position? Do you think that these assumptions are justified, or not? If so, do you think that the principles of justice that Rawls develops are binding on persons who were not in the original position (i.e., us)? Why, or why not? If not, do you think that the inadequacy of these assumptions undercut Rawls’ views? Explain and justify your answer.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

3. Should there be any limits on what the state can do? Would you answer depend on the circumstances in which the state was acting, with it varying between times of peace, and times of war, for example?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

4. Do you believe that the state should provide “public goods”¾goods that can be used by as many people as wish to use them without any diminution in their availability, and which you cannot exclude people from using? (One example of such a good is the light from lighthouses.) If yes, would you force people to pay for these goods through taxation, even if they did not want them? If no, how else could such goods ever be provided, given their nature?

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

5. Do you believe that liberty is always a good thing for people to have, or not? Explain your answer, and outline what sort of a state it might lead you to endorse.

ANS:

Answer not provided.

PTS: 1