Nesters Microbiology A Human Perspective 9th Edition by Denise G. Anderson – Test Bank

Nesters Microbiology A Human Perspective 9th Edition by Denise G. Anderson – Test Bank

Nester’s Microbiology, 9e (Anderson)

Chapter 6 Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

1) Experiments designed by ________ suggested that living cells caused the fermentation of sugar to produce alcohol.

1. A) Pasteur
2. B) Koch
3. C) Wohler
4. D) Fleming
5. E) Jenner

2) Studies done by Buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to alcohol. The components of the mixture that were responsible for this transformation were

1. A) DNA molecules.
2. B) enzymes.
3. C) lipids.
4. D) carbohydrates.
5. E) phospholipids.

3) Which of the statements about catabolism and anabolism is TRUE?

1. A) They refer only to the reactions dealing involved in the metabolism of lipids.
2. B) The intermediates of catabolism serve as products in anabolism.
3. C) The energy gathered during catabolism is used during anabolism.
4. D) They refer only to the reactions involved in carbohydrate synthesis.
5. E) The energy gathered during anabolism is used during catabolism.

4) The general term used to describe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is

1. A) enzymatic.
2. B) thematic.
3. C) aerobic respiration.
4. D) metabolism.
5. E) canabolism.

5) Energy is defined as

1. A) water flowing up a dam.
2. B) the capacity to do work.
3. C) the use of high-level phosphate bonds.
4. D) the potential to fall.
5. E) the result of work.

6) Biosynthetic reactions that require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger molecules are called

1. A) kinetic energy.
2. B) anabolic reactions.
3. C) catabolic reactions.
4. D) precursor molecules.
5. E) canabolic reactions.

7) Exergonic reactions

1. A) occur when there is more free energy in the products than the reactants.
2. B) occur when there is more free energy in the reactants than the products.
3. C) are defined as a decrease in entropy.
4. D) are chemoorganotrophic.
5. E) are defined as a decrease in energy AND are chemoorganotrophic.

8) Free energy

1. A) is the amount of energy gained by breaking bonds of a chemical.
2. B) includes the energy lost as heat.
3. C) differs for a given reaction depending on the number of steps involved.
4. D) always results in a decrease in total energy.
5. E) is the amount of energy lost by breaking bonds of a chemical.

9) Bacteria that can absorb light energy and convert it into ATP are commonly called

1. A) cytotrophs.
2. B) metatrophs.
3. C) chemotrophs.
4. D) phototrophs.
5. E) cytochromes AND chemotrophs.

10) The readily usable energy currency of cells is

1. A) electricity.
2. B) the electron transport system.
3. C) ATP.
4. D) CTP.
5. E) the electron transport system AND CTP.

11) Each of the following statements about chemoorganotrophs is true EXCEPT

1. A) they may use substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP.
2. B) they may use oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
3. C) they may use photophosphorylation to produce ATP.
4. D) they obtain energy by degrading organic compounds.
5. E) they generally rely on the metabolic activities of photosynthetic organisms.

12) The name given to the reaction involving removal of electrons or hydrogen atoms from a compound is

1. A) glycolysis.
2. B) oxidation.
3. C) reduction.
4. D) metabolism.
5. E) respiration.

13) The name given to the reaction involving addition of electrons or hydrogen atoms to a compound is

1. A) reduction.
2. B) glycolysis.
3. C) oxidation.
4. D) metabolism.
5. E) respiration.

14) NAD in its reduced form is symbolized as

1. A) NADH.
2. B) NAD.
3. C) NAD−.
4. D) NADP.
5. E) NADP+.

15) The most common starting pathway for the breakdown of sugars is

1. A) respiration.
2. B) fermentation.
3. C) oxidation.
4. D) glycolysis.
5. E) anabolism.

16) Glycolysis, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway, and the pentose phosphate pathway all produce

1. A) pyruvate.
2. B) NAD.
3. C) NADP.
4. D) acetyl-CoA.
5. E) pyrite.

17) Cells degrade sugar largely to

1. A) gain energy.
2. B) use energy.
3. C) convert fat to energy.
4. D) use coenzymes.
5. E) generate pyruvate.

18) Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in

1. A) fermentation.
2. B) aerobic respiration.
3. C) anaerobic respiration.
4. D) reduction.
5. E) oxidation.

19) The terminal electron acceptor in respiration may be

1. A) NAD, oxygen, OR nitrate.
2. B) oxygen, nitrate, OR an inorganic molecule.
3. C) NAD, nitrate, OR an inorganic molecule.
4. D) NAD, water, OR an inorganic molecule.
5. E) an inorganic molecule, water, OR oxygen.

20) Which of the following processes generates the greatest amount of energy?

1. A) Fermentation
2. B) Aerobic respiration
3. C) Krebs cycle
4. D) Glycolysis
5. E) Phosphorylation

21) Fermentation

1. A) uses an inorganic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
2. B) uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
3. C) results in the production of a large amount of ATP.
4. D) is necessary in some organisms to produce reduced electron carriers.
5. E) uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor AND is necessary in some organisms to produce reduced electron carriers.

22) Which is (are) true regarding organic acids?

1. A) They are weak acids.
2. B) They are often involved in metabolic reactions.
3. C) They often exist in the ionized form at the near-neutral pH found in a cell.
4. D) Pyruvate and pyruvic acid refer to different forms of the same substance.
5. E) All of the answer choices are true.

23) Pyruvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are

1. A) oxidation and reduction.
2. B) fermentation and respiration.
3. C) metabolism and anabolism.
4. D) anabolism and catabolism.
5. E) fermentation and oxidation.

24) The use of the suffix “ase” on a word denotes a(n)

1. A) substrate.
2. B) product.
3. C) enzyme.
4. D) electron acceptor.
5. E) substrate AND electron acceptor.

25) Enzymes act as

1. A) substrates.
2. B) catalysts.
3. C) products.
4. D) catabolites.
5. E) reducters.

26) Enzymes act on ________ to generate ________.

1. A) products, catabolites
2. B) substrates, products
3. C) products, substrates
4. D) glucose, anabolites
5. E) ATP, glucose

27) Enzymes speed up reactions by

1. A) raising activation energy.
2. B) producing heat.
3. C) reducing entropy.
4. D) lowering activation energy.
5. E) electron carriers.

28) The mutual interaction of substrate and enzyme is described as a(n)

1. A) lock and key arrangement.
2. B) induced fit.
3. C) active site.
4. D) allosteric site.
5. E) active site AND allosteric site.

29) Most enzymes

1. A) are generic, typically recognizing a number of different substrates.
2. B) are specific, typically recognizing a single or a few substrates.
3. C) are active over a wide pH range.
4. D) are active over a wide temperature range.
5. E) are unaffected by heat or acidity.

30) Allosteric enzymes

1. A) may bind two substrates at the same time.
2. B) are used to bind to other enzymes.
3. C) have an additional binding site that is involved in regulating enzyme activity.
4. D) are twice as fast as single-site enzymes.
5. E) have an additional binding site that is never involved in regulating enzyme activity.

31) Feedback inhibition

1. A) is a way of regulating the amount of product produced.
2. B) rarely involves the use of allosteric enzymes.
3. C) involves inhibiting the last of a series of reactions.
4. D) results in raising the activation energy for the reaction.
5. E) is only observed in bacteria.

32) Coenzymes are derivatives of

1. A) minerals.
2. B) proteins.
3. C) lipids.
4. D) vitamins.
5. E) enzymes.

33) The small, non-protein molecules that can be readily separated from an enzyme and are responsible for transfer of atoms from one molecule to another are referred to as

1. A) vitamins.
2. B) coenzymes.
3. C) enzymes.
4. D) hormones.
5. E) active sites.

34) Which is (are) true of coenzymes?

1. A) They are organic molecules.
2. B) They transfer atoms from one molecule to another.
3. C) They may bind to a number of different enzymes.
4. D) They are synthesized from vitamins.
5. E) All of the answer choices are correct.

35) Environmental factors that may affect enzyme activity include

1. A) temperature.
2. B) pH.
3. C) salt.
4. D) temperature, pH, AND salt.
5. E) None of the answer choices is correct.

36) Most enzymes function best at

1. A) acidic pH and high salt concentrations.
2. B) basic pH and low salt concentrations.
3. C) slightly above pH 7 and low salt concentrations.
4. D) neutral pH and high salt concentrations.
5. E) slightly above pH 7 and high salt concentrations.

37) Which is true of competitive inhibition?

1. A) It involves an allosteric enzyme.
2. B) Substrate and inhibitor bind to different active sites.
3. C) A sulfa antibiotic is a competitive inhibitor.
4. D) Mercury is a competitive inhibitor.
5. E) Inhibitor permanently changes active site shape.

38) Mercury in mercurochrome inhibits growth

1. A) through competitive inhibition.
2. B) through a reversible action.
3. C) by oxidizing the sulfhydryl groups in cysteine.
4. D) by changing the shape of proteins.
5. E) by oxidizing the sulfhydryl groups in cysteine AND by changing the shape of proteins.

39) The term “precursor metabolite” refers to molecules that

1. A) activate cell components.
2. B) are used in biosynthesis.
3. C) result from cell activities.
4. D) are present but inactive.
5. E) denature enzymes.

40) Which is true regarding the three central metabolic pathways?

1. A) They form high-energy bonds that can be used to synthesize ATP.
2. B) They form intermediates that can be oxidized to generate reducing power.
3. C) They form precursor metabolites.
4. D) All of the answer choices are correct.
5. E) None of the answer choices is correct.

41) Glycolysis

1. A) requires oxygen.
2. B) may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
3. C) produces 3 ATP molecules per molecule glucose.
4. D) produces 4 molecules of NAD per molecule glucose.
5. E) always occurs under aerobic conditions.

42) The energy yield of any energy-transforming pathway

1. A) is always fixed, despite the removal of precursor metabolites for biosynthesis.
2. B) is variable depending on the type of enzymes used.
3. C) is variable depending on the amount of precursor metabolites removed for biosynthesis.
4. D) is fixed by the amount of oxygen available.
5. E) is fixed by the amount of carbon dioxide available.

43) The transition step

1. A) links glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway.
2. B) links the pentose phosphate pathway to the electron transport chain.
3. C) links glycolysis to the TCA cycle.
4. D) takes place in the matrix of the nucleus.
5. E) links the TCA cycle to fermentation.

44) The TCA cycle produces

1. A) ATP, FAD, and precursor metabolites
2. B) NADH, ATP, and FAD.
3. C) FADH2, NADH, and precursor metabolites.
4. D) FADH2, ADP, and NADH.
5. E) precursor metabolites, NAD, and FADH2.

45) What happens to the carbon molecules in the pyruvic acid that goes through the TCA cycle?

1. A) They get incorporated into cell material.
2. B) They are excreted as waste organic acids.
3. C) They become carbon dioxide.
4. D) They form “energy storage molecules” for the cell.
5. E) They become phosphorylated.

46) The electron transport system

1. A) requires a membrane AND requires mitochondria and ribosomes.
2. B) uses the nuclear membrane of eukaryotes AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.
3. C) requires a membrane AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.
4. D) uses the mitochondrial membrane of prokaryotes AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.
5. E) requires mitochondria and ribosomes AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.

47) Which type of phosphorylation does not require a membrane?

1. A) Substrate-level phosphorylation
2. B) Oxidative phosphorylation
3. C) Photophosphorylation
4. D) All types of phosphorylation require a membrane.
5. E) Phosphorylation never requires a membrane.

48) In the electron transport system

1. A) NADH and FADH2both donate electrons at the same location.
2. B) NADH donates electrons “upstream” of where FADH2donates electrons.
3. C) NAD donates electrons at the head of the chain.
4. D) NADP donates electrons in the middle of the chain.
5. E) NADP removes electrons in the middle of the chain.

49) Proton motive force

A) is used to synthesize ATP