Invitation To The Life Span 3rd Edition By Kathleen Stassen Berger – Test Bank

Invitation To The Life Span 3rd Edition By Kathleen Stassen Berger – Test Bank

1. List in order the six basic steps of the scientific method, and explain each of them.
2. Define nature and nurture, and give an example of each. Also describe the nature–nurture debate.
3. Explain epigenetics, and describe the perspective most modern developmentalists take on the nature–nurture debate.
4. Define a critical period and a sensitive period. Explain the difference between the two periods, and give an example of each.
5. Explain Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-systems theory and describe his five systems.
6. Define cohort, explain its effects, and give an example of one.
7. Describe culture, and explain why researchers interested in human development study different cultures.
8. Define and discuss the term plasticity as it relates to human development. What factors influence plasticity in development? Offer at least one example of plasticity that has operated or is operating in your own life.
9. What is a developmental theory? Identify the three things discussed in the text that a theory can do.
10. Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development are two examples of psychoanalytic theories. Describe two similarities of the theories and two differences between them.
11. Describe classical and operant conditioning, and name the researcher who first proposed each type of conditioning.
12. Explain social learning theory. Who first described it, where does it come from, and what does it emphasize?
13. List Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development in order, and explain what Piaget believed causes intellectual advancement.
14. Define information-processing theory. According to this theory, what is the process that underlies cognition?
15. Name and describe each of the five levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order.
16. Describe the two biologically based drives associated with evolutionary theory, and explain how selective adaptation relates to this theory.
17. Name four kinds of theories, and describe how they have contributed to science’s understanding of human development.
18. Imagine you are interested in the relationship between age and reading ability for children at 8 and 12 years old. Briefly define cross-sectional design, and summarize how you could test this relationship using that design.
19. What practices must be built into a research study to protect participants?
20. Define correlation, and give an example. Can one determine cause and effect from correlations? Explain why or why not.
21. What are ethics, and why are ethical standards so important to scientific research?
22. The science of human development seeks to understand _____ people—all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age—change over time.
23. It is important to employ the _____ method in order to minimize subjective opinions and personal biases when conducting research.
24. A hypothesis is an idea generated by a question that can be _____ by various research methods.