Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do 2nd edition by Pamela J. Schram – Test Bank

Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do 2nd edition by Pamela J. Schram – Test Bank

Chapter 09

Schram, Introduction to Criminology

1. ___________ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory.

a. Sheldon
b. Tarde
c. Shaw and McKay
*d. Sutherland

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2. In the process of classical conditioning, the organism, animal, or person is a __________ actor in the process, simply receiving stimuli and responding.

*a. passive
b. involved
c. active
d. dynamic

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3. What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of this differential association theory?

a. family
*b. media
c. friends
d. community

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4. ___________ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action.

a. modeling
b. classical conditioning
c. imitation
*d. operant conditioning

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5. Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland’s work with contributions from the field of _____________.

a. sociology
b. psychiatry
*c. social psychology
d. psychology

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6. Differential associations vary in all of the following EXCEPT:

a. duration
b. frequency
c. priority
*d. moderation

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7. Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors. Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables.

a. associations
b. modeling
*c. rewards and punishments
d. definitions

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8. The neutralizing techniques found primarily in corporate settings is ____________, which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that he or she is entitles to mess up by doing something illegal.

a. appeal to higher loyalties
b. defense of necessity
c. condemning the condemner
*d. metaphor of the ledger

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9. The text states that it is arguable that ____________ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated) model of criminal offending.

a. neutralization theory
*b. differential reinforcement theory
c. power-control theory
d. containment theory

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