Infants and Children Prenatal through Middle Childhood 8th Edition TestBank

Infants and Children Prenatal through Middle Childhood 8th Edition TestBank

CHAPTER 8
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The years from 2 to 6 are often called “the __________ years.”
A) play
B) growth
C) beginning
D) me
Answer: A
Page Ref: 285
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.1
2) Which of the following statements about body growth in early childhood is true?
A) On average, children add 1 to 2 inches in height and about 3 pounds in weight each year.
B) Children add “baby fat” and gradually become heavier and more muscular.
C) By age 5, children become more top-heavy, bowlegged, and potbellied.
D) The rapid increase in body size of the first two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 285
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.1
3) During early childhood, boys __________ than girls.
A) are less muscular
B) are slightly larger
C) have more body fat
D) are slightly smaller
Answer: B
Page Ref: 285
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.1
4) Growth norms
A) for one population are not good standards for children elsewhere in the world.
B) are very similar for children in every country of the world.
C) vary from child to child in each population.
D) are the best estimate of skeletal age.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 286
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.1
5) X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children’s
A) adult weight.
B) loss of baby teeth.
C) brain development.
D) skeletal age.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 287
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.1
6) Which of the following U.S. children is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?
A) Brooke, an obese girl
B) Malik, an undernourished boy
C) Jack, a well-nourished boy of average weight
D) Sasha, an undernourished girl
Answer: A
Page Ref: 287
Skill: Apply
Objective: 8.1
7) Between ages 2 and 6,
A) the brain increases from 40 percent of its adult weight to 60 percent.
B) synaptic pruning slows or ends in many parts of the cerebral cortex.
C) energy consumption of most cortical regions diminishes to near-adult levels.
D) the brain increases from 70 percent of its adult weight to 90 percent.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 287
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
8) By age 4 to 5,
A) preschoolers show declines in sustained attention.
B) the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is nearly double the adult value.
C) energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex is at an all-time low.
D) synaptic pruning decreases sharply, reaching an adultlike level.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 287
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
9) An __________ of __________ during early childhood supports plasticity of the young brain, helping to ensure the child
will acquire certain abilities even if some areas are damaged.
A) underproduction; neurons
B) underproduction; synapses
C) overproduction; neurons
D) overabundance; synaptic connections
Answer: D
Page Ref: 287
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
10) For most children,
A) activity in the left hemisphere increases slowly throughout early and middle childhood.
B) activity in the left hemisphere peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly.
C) the left hemisphere is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off.
D) activity in the right hemisphere increases dramatically between ages 2 and 6.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 288
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
11) Which of the following skills develops at the fastest pace during early childhood?
A) giving directions
B) drawing pictures
C) recognizing geometric shapes
D) using language
Answer: D
Page Ref: 288
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
12) Handedness
A) reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action.
B) is evident in a wide range of skills from birth.
C) is a heritable trait, especially for left-handed people.
D) is strongest for simple, rather than complex, skills.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 288
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
13) For the left-handed 10 percent of the population, language is
A) always housed in the right hemisphere.
B) always housed in the left hemisphere.
C) most often housed in the right hemisphere.
D) most often shared between the hemispheres.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 288
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
14) Jim sometimes uses his right hand skillfully, but he prefers his left hand. Jim
A) is ambidextrous.
B) has a strongly lateralized brain.
C) is very likely to have left-handed children.
D) probably had early damage to the left hemisphere.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 288
Skill: Apply
Objective: 8.2
15) Felicity and Samantha are identical twins. They are
A) probably both right-handed.
B) more likely than ordinary siblings to differ in hand preference.
C) probably both left-handed.
D) less likely than fraternal twins to differ in hand preference.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 288
Skill: Apply
Objective: 8.2
16) Which of the following statements regarding handedness is true?
A) For the majority of individuals, handedness is inherited from the mother’s side of the family.
B) Ordinary siblings are more likely than identical or fraternal twins to differ in hand preference.
C) Rates of left-handedness are elevated among people with intellectual disabilities and mental illness.
D) Right-handed children are more likely to develop outstanding verbal and mathematical talents.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 289
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
17) Growth and myelination of fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex contributes to __________ in early
childhood.
A) a strong hand preference
B) suppression of impulses in favor of thoughtful responses
C) dramatic gains in motor coordination
D) dramatic gains in spatial skills
Answer: C
Page Ref: 289
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
18) The reticular formation is located in the
A) brain stem.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
D) left hemisphere of the brain.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 289
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
19) The hippocampus plays a vital role in
A) balance.
B) consciousness.
C) control of body movement.
D) memory.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 289
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
20) Neurons in the __________ send out fibers to the prefrontal cortex, contributing to improvements in sustained, controlled
attention.
A) cerebellum
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum
Answer: C
Page Ref: 289
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
21) The amygdala
A) supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body.
B) plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
C) aids in balance and control of body movement.
D) is sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
22) Which of the following is a function of the corpus callosum?
A) It plays a central role in processing of novelty and emotional information.
B) It creates a link between the right cerebral hemisphere and the hippocampus.
C) It generates synapses and myelinates throughout early childhood and into adolescence.
D) It supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.2
23) Which of the following statements is supported by research on lead exposure during childhood?
A) Overall, poorer intelligence test scores associated with lead exposure seem to be permanent.
B) Lead-exposed children given drugs to induce excretion of lead improve in long-term outcomes.
C) Once lead-exposed children move away from contaminated areas, their intelligence test scores increase.
D) Negative lead-related cognitive consequences are evident only at high levels of exposure.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 291 Box: Biology and Environment: Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children’s Development
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
24) Research on lead exposure during childhood reveals that
A) middle-SES children are more likely than low-SES children to experience lead exposure.
B) use of iron and zinc supplements increases lead concentration in the blood.
C) persistent childhood lead exposure is linked to diabetes in adulthood.
D) a stressed, disorganized home life seems to heighten lead-induced damage.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 291 Box: Biology and Environment: Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children’s Development
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.2
25) The __________ plays a critical role in the rate of physical growth.
A) pituitary gland
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum
Answer: A
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.3
26) Without medical intervention, children who suffer from __________ reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet.
A) growth hormone (GH) deficiency
B) estrogen deficiency
C) inadequate thyroxine
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency
Answer: A
Page Ref: 292
Skill: Remember
Objective: 8.3
27) Dmitri, age 5, suffers from extreme emotional deprivation. He is very short in stature, shows decreased secretion of
growth hormone (GH) and melatonin, has an immature skeletal age, and displays serious adjustment problems. These are
typical characteristics of
A) a vitamin C deficiency.
B) psychosocial dwarfism.
C) inadequate thyroxine.
D) an iron deficiency.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 292
Skill: Apply
Objective: 8.4
28) When young children with psychosocial dwarfism are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments,
A) their dwarfism is permanent, even with immediate treatment.
B) they rarely exhibit catch-up growth.
C) they must be given high levels of iron to prevent anemia.
D) their growth hormone (GH) levels quickly return to normal and they grow rapidly.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 292
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.4
29) Sleep contributes to body growth because
A) growth hormone (GH) is released during the child’s sleeping hours.
B) rest allows the awake body to produce GH at higher levels.
C) rest allows the awake body to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at higher levels.
D) REM sleep heightens the impact of environmental events.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 292
Skill: Understand
Objective: 8.4
30) Which of the following 3-year-olds is most likely to share a bedroom with a sibling?
A) Dante, who is African American
B) Ruby, who is Hispanic
C) Jacob, who is Caucasian
D) Jing, who is Asian American
Answer: C
Page Ref: 293
Skill: Apply
Objective: 8.4