Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung – Test Bank

Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung – Test Bank

Chapter Nine—

Pain

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Pain or nociception, can best be defined as the: a. activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage. b. activation of specific sensory areas of the brain. c. being hurt in body or spirit. d. experiencing severe physical or psychological discomfort . ANS: A REF: KEY DEFINITIONS 2. Pain a. can be purely psychological in nature. b. that is most severe and leads people to go to the doctor is objective (e.g., involves tissue damage) rather than subjective. c. is not influenced by ethnicity, but only degree of acculturation.. d. Does not seem to be influenced by sex. ANS: A REF: KEY DEFINITIONS 3. There are many cultural variations in the experience in pain. These differences are primarily due to: a. genetics c. socialization b. age d. tolerance. ANS: C REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 4. Cultural variations in pain are due to differences in socialization and expectations across different cultural groups. Two cultural factors that really stand out are: a. sexual orientation and age b. sex and ethnicity c. regional location and socioeconomic status d. ethnicity and age. ANS: B REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 5. Expressing pain loudly is more acceptable within some ethnic groups than others. One explicit example of the cultural influences in pain experience is that: a. across all cultures studied, boys are taught to yell when hurt or in pain. b. Middle Eastern women are expected to scream during labor c. Japanese women are found to scream more during labor than Middle Eastern women d. older adults are more likely to not ask for help when in pain than younger adults. ANS: B REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 6. There is evidence for sex differences at __________ level of the experience of pain. a. only the biological c. only the social b. only the psychological d. every ANS: D REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 7. Which of the following cultural groups has been found to report the highest pain ratings and least tolerance for painful stimuli? a. children c. Asian American b. older adults d. women ANS: D REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 8. ______ are more likely to report pain to a doctor and to experience more frequent episodes of pain (Muellersdorf & Soederback, 2000). a. children c. older women b. men d. women ANS: D REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 9. In terms of types of pain, the only significant sex differences relate to: a. headaches, facial, and back pain c. chest, facial and stomach pain b. limb, cardio, and stomach pain d. back and external ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 10. The bulk of clinical research done on ethnic differences in pain has compared: a. Asian Americans with African Americans b. Asian Americans with European Americans c. Latinos with European Americans d. African Americans with European Americans ANS: D REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 11. The ethnic group, when compared to European Americans, that has been shown to have the highest sensitivity to pain is: a. Chinese Americans c. African Americans b. Hmong Americans d. Native Americans ANS: C REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 12. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Different studies have used different measures of pain, making it difficult to compare across studies. b. The samples in pain studies are often homogeneous and not chosen randomly. c. There has not been any research on the experience of pain among ethnic groups other than African Americans or European Americans d. A number of studies have failed to find significan cultural differences in pain perceptions. ANS: C REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 13. All of the following are important cultural factors influencing the perception of pain EXCEPT: a. genes c. language b. socioeconomic status (SES) d. acculturation ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 14. The fastest growing ethnic group in North America is _____________ a. Latinos c. Asian Americans b. Alaskan Natives d. Jamaican Americans ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 15. Which of the following is TRUE? a. There is no evidence for ethnic disparities in the treatment of pain, there are only ethnic disparities in the experience of pain. b. threshold for pain increases with age. c. Meta-analytic evidence shows that European-Americans have the lowest pain tolerance of all ethnic groups. d. No differences in pain perception have been reported when people of different geographical differences are compared.. ANS: B REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 16. Pain experienced with disease, such as cancer, is classified as: a. acute c. chronic sensory b. chronic malignant d. acute malignant ANS: B REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 17. Pain experienced for months or even years is: a. chronic pain c. psychogenic pain b. acute pain d. somatic pain ANS: A REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 18. Purely psychological pain without a physiological basis is referred to as: a. nocioception c. psychogenic pain b. somatosensory d. acute malignant ANS: C REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 19. Pain that is purely physiological without significant psychological component is referred to as: a. neurogenic c. somatosensory b. psychogenic d. neuropathic ANS: D REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 20. There are many distinct processes critical to the process of experiencing pain. ___________takes place at the level of the receptors where chemical or thermal energy is converted into electrochemical nerve impulses.. a. transmission c. modulation b. transduction d. perception ANS: B REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 21. Sensory fibers that transmit signals from the receptors to the spinal cord are called: a. efferent fibers c. analgesic fibers b. afferent fibers d. P fibers ANS: B REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 22. The neural activity leading to the control of pain transmissions between the various parts of the brain is referred to as: a. transmission c. modulation b. transduction d. perception ANS: C REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 23. To get around language problems due to age of ethnic background, most hospitals also use _______ to accurately assess pain. a. interpreters c. sign language b. the patient’s family d. pictorial measures ANS: D REF: MEASURING PAIN 24. _________________ is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the experience of pain. a. L-dopa c. Seratonin b. Substance P d. Substance N ANS: B REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN 25. One of the pain questionnaire measures of pain is the: a. Rosenberg Pain scale c. Turk Pain Report b. Melzack and Wall self diagnosis scale d. McGill Pain Questionnaire ANS: D REF: MEASURING PAIN 26. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Beck Depression Inventory are psychological tests used to get a sense of a person’s pain. Patients who are likely to experience chronic pain are likely to score ____________. a. low in the MMPI subscales of hypochondriasis and depression b. high in MMPI subscales of depression and hysteria c. low in the MMPI subscale of hysteria d. low in the neurotic triad ANS: B REF: MEASURING PAIN 27. One of the earliest models of pain suggested that there were unique receptors responding to unique stimuli. This theory was called the: a. Descartian hypothesis c. pattern theory b. specificity theory d. rational hypothesis ANS: B REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 28. Different patterns of stimulations causing different types of pain is the definition of: a. specificity concept c. pain-prone personality b. pattern theory d. somatic pain ANS: B REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 29. All of the following are theories of pain combining the psychological and physiological mechanisms EXCEPT: a. pain-prone personality theory c. diathesis-stress model b. cognitive-behavioral models d. gate control theory ANS: A REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 30. The pain-prone personality was thought to predispose a person to experience persistent pain. Although there is little empirical support for this theory, it did account for how pain itself can produce changes in personality. According to this theory the pain prone person tends to: a. have a career that is more physical in nature. b. be more sedentary in nature. c. tends to deny emotional and interpersonal problems. d. have a family history of anxiety disorders. ANS: C REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 31. Predisposing factors, such as a reduced threshold of nociception, precipitating stimuli, such as an injury, and maintaining processes, such as the expectation that the pain will persist, are all important in explaining pain. This describes: a. gate control theory of pain c. specificity of pain concept b. the pattern theory d. the diathesis-stress model ANS: D REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 32. The researchers credited with gate control theory are: a. Turk and Pagos c. Von Frey and Schneider b. Melzack and Wall d. Meichenbaum and Genest ANS: B REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 33. One of the novel features of gate control theory is the presence of a(n) _________ that modulates the experience of pain at the level of the spinal cord. a. neurochemical c. hormone b. interneuron d. trigger gland ANS: B REF: 291 MSC: WWW 34. Which of the following is NOT a critical component of the gate control theory of pain? a. A fibers c. C fibers b. B fibers d. interneurons ANS: B REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 35. If you feel a sharp pain in a certain spot and try to scratch or itch around it to reduce the pain, the resulting relief is due to you activating the: a. large A fibers to shut the gate c. C fibers to close the gate b. C fibers to open the gate d. A fibers to open the gate ANS: A REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 36. This transcutenaeous electrical nerve stimulation has been found to produce relief for a variety of diverse pains: a. efferent pathways c. electrostimulation therapy b. counterirritation d. electro shock therapy ANS: B REF: 292 MSC: * 37. Stimulation-produced analgesia is accomplished by: a. taking pain medication. c. specific exercise. b. electrically stimulating the brain. d. laser surgery. ANS: B REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 38. Studies that provide participants with simulating natural environments found that: a. they do not affect the pain control of patients. b. they were not as affected as utilizing hypnosis. c. participants who watched a blank screen were able to control pain as much as participants who watched simulated natural environments. d. they do affect the pain control of patients. ANS: D REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 39. If patients play videogames, how does this affect their pain? a. It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort. b. It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort in teens only. c. It increased experiences of pain and discomfort. d. It does not affect the brain regarding the experiences of pain and discomfort. ANS: A REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 40. What psychological states can increase the levels of pain experienced? a. anger or happiness c. jealousy or fear b. sadness or anger d. anxiety or fear ANS: D REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN 41. Tanya has flipped her canoe and lost the large fish she just caught. She has cut her hand, but does not notice due to: a. the possibility that her optimistic state influenced the transmission of pain b. the fact she has not noticed the cut c. she has not appraised her wound is severe d. All of the above are true. ANS: D REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 42. If it takes a lot of stimulation for us to perceive that something is painful, we are said to have a high ________ level. a. tolerance c. sensory b. threshold d. habitation ANS: B REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 43. If Sophie is able to bear the pain while her tooth is being drilled without the use of Novocain, she may have a high _________ of pain. a. tolerance c. denial b. experience d. threshold ANS: A REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 44. Activities such as prolonged physical activity and even meditation have been shown to release _____ into our system, which are accompanied by pain relief. a. substance O c. serotonin b. opioids d. cortisol ANS: B REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 45. There are some clear cultural differences in who is given opioids. This ethnic group is the least likely to receive an opioid for pain: a. European American c. Asian American b. African American d. Latin American ANS: C REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 46. Stress-induced analgesia can be described by this example: a. runner’s high b. stress fracture in foot from running c. stress experienced by air traffic controllers d. fibromyalgia ANS: A REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 47. Studies have indicated that acupuncture works because of: a. the increase in serotonin b. placebo effect and the production of endorphins c. needles decreasing the stimulation of large nerve fibers d. the decrease in endorphins in the brain ANS: B REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 48. Some pain that benefits from vibration and light massage include: a. swollen, sprained ankles c. neck and back pains. b. burns d. fractures ANS: C REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 49. Cognitive biases can often amplify the experience of pain. Each of the following cognitive processes are related to more pain EXCEPT: a. catastrophizing c. stable attributions b. learned helplessness d. distraction ANS: D REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 50. One of the unique aspects of self-management programs for dealing with chronic pain is the greater focus on: a. the patient’s role c. hypnosis b. medication d. the health care system ANS: A REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TRUE/FALSE 1. Nociception is often accompanied by cognitive, behavioral and affective states. ANS: T REF: KEY DEFINITIONS 2. When patients carry electronic diaries such as iPads and report on their pain during different parts of the day, this type of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) relies less on patient memory than using a standard pain questionnaire at one point in time.. ANS: T REF: MEASURING PAIN 3. In one large community sample study, Non-Latino African Americans and Latin Americans had a higher risk for severe pain compared with non-Latino European Americans (Reyes-Gibby et al., 2007). ANS: T REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 4. Pain tends to decrease in frequency as we age. ANS: F REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 5. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is one of a number of validated pain questionnaires used in assessing pain. It consists of three main dimensions,- sensory, affective and evaluative,- with each tapping into different aspects of pain. ANS: T REF: MEASURING PAIN 6. Physiological measures such as electroencephalography, electromyography (EMG) and skin conductance are the most widely and most accepted methods to assess pain,. ANS: F REF: MEASURING PAIN 7. Biopsychological theories of pain propose that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to pain that interact with psychological factors to cause pain. ANS: T REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 8. Beecher (1955) compared World War II soldiers’ experiences of pain on the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians. He found that for injuries of similar severity, approximately 80% of the civilians requested painkillers and only 33% of the soldiers requested pain killers. The stress of battle, and possibly the realization that their injuries meant the soldiers were returning home, seems to lessen the soldiers’ pain. ANS: T REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN 9. One example of classical conditioned pain is Toby assuming he will have pain when he goes to the dentist, due to his previous experience of having his tooth drilled for a filling. ANS: T REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN 10. Chinese acupuncture can be used to treat pain, but it has been shown to result in more negative side effects of many medications. ANS: F REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES ESSAY 1. Describe and discuss differences in pain between males and females. ANS: Responses vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 2. How do members of different ethnic groups give very different meanings to the experience of pain? ANS: Responses vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 3. Hospitals have a variety of simple ways to assess pain that can be used across cultures. Describe one was to measure pain and explain why you would this measure over another type of pain measure ? ANS: Responses vary. REF: MEASURING PAIN 4. Name and describe one theory of pain mentioned in your text.. ANS: Responses vary. REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 5. Beecher (1955) compared World War II soldiers’ experiences of pain in the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians. What were the results of this study? ANS: Responses vary. REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN