Health Psychology 4th Canadian Edition By Shelley E Taylor – Test Bank

Health Psychology 4th Canadian Edition By Shelley E Taylor – Test Bank

Chapter 06 Stress

True / False Questions

1. Stress is determined by person-environment fit. TRUE Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress. Topic: 06-03 Person-Environment Fit 2. During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat. FALSE Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-06 Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 3. Women are consistently more likely than men to respond to stress by turning to others. TRUE Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-07 Tend-and-Befriend 4. Compared to positive events, negative events show a stronger relationship to psychological distress but not physical symptoms. FALSE Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-10 Assessing Stress 5. University students who had recurrent or ongoing stressors in their lives and were exposed to acute laboratory stressors performed poorly on tasks than those with less background stress. TRUE Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-14 Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful? 6. Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be particularly compromised by long-term stress. TRUE Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-13 Can People Adapt to Stress? 7. Daily minor problems reduce psychological well-being in the short term, but do not produce physical symptoms. FALSE Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-18 Daily Stress 8. Experiencing stressful life events is linked to cancer prognosis. TRUE Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events 9. The perception of work overload shows a stronger relationship to physical health complaints and psychological distress than do objective measurements of workload. TRUE Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 10. Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events. FALSE Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-26 Combining Work and Family Roles Multiple Choice Questions 11. Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by A. biochemical changes only. B. cognitive changes only. C. behavioural and physiological changes. D. cognitive and physiological changes. E. biological, cognitive, behavioural, and physiological changes. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress. Topic: 06-01 What is Stress? 12. Which of the following could be considered a stressor? A. Soothing music. B. Classroom where all seats are occupied. C. Commuting to work on traffic-free roads. D. A bad relationship. E. Arriving in time for a test. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress. Topic: 06-02 What is a Stressor? 13. Most definitions of stress focus on A. stressful events. B. physiological changes. C. emotional changes. D. the subjective nature of stress. E. the relationship between the person and the environment. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress. Topic: 06-01 What is Stress? 14. The fight-or-flight response A. is never adaptive. B. involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. C. involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. D. is subject to large individual differences. E. is more common in women than men. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-05 Fight-or-Flight 15. Selye’s (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated ______________ responses to stress. A. psychological B. gastrointestinal C. adrenomedullary D. adrenocortical E. immune Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-06 Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 16. The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is A. alarm, resistance, exhaustion. B. exhaustion, resistance, alarm. C. resistance, alarm, exhaustion. D. resistance, exhaustion, alarm. E. alarm, exhaustion, resistance. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-06 Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 17. According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ______________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress. A. alarm B. resistance C. exhaustion D. stressor E. immune Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-06 Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 18. According to its critics, Selye’s (1956, 1976) model A. fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time. B. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship. C. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress. D. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress. E. is inaccurate in that assumes people feel stress before it occurs. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-06 Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 19. Rani is under constant stress and has a severe cold all the time despite taking medications to cure herself. Rani is in the ____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome. A. alarm B. resistance C. persistence D. exertion E. exhaustion Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-06 Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 20. The tend-and-befriend response to stress A. is especially characteristic of males. B. is related to the release of the hormone, testosterone. C. may be protective of offspring. D. takes social behaviour out of the stress processes. E. discourages nurturing. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-07 Tend-and-Befriend 21. Amy reaches out to her friends when she is stressed. This is an example of _______. A. tending B. lending C. befriending D. tending-and-mending E. tending-and-befriending Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-07 Tend-and-Befriend 22. Oxytocin A. is the primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response to stress. B. increases mothering behaviour. C. increases warm touching between couples. D. has effects that are unrelated to those of estrogen. E. is highly addictive. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-07 Tend-and-Befriend 23. The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability. D. resources. E. current physiological state. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-08 Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress 24. The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability and resources. D. potential to overcome and profit from the event. E. current physiological state. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-08 Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress 25. According to Lazarus’s model, the subjective experience of stress is a result of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. primary appraisal. C. secondary appraisal. D. the balance between primary and secondary appraisal. E. a low coping ability. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-08 Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress 26. Research suggests that reactivity is related to individual differences in A. acute and chronic illness. B. psychological responses to stressors. C. primary and secondary appraisal. D. the general adaptation syndrome. E. the HPA system. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-08 Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress 27. Allostatic load can be assessed by A. a low waist-to-hip ratio. B. problems with respiration. C. increases in cell-mediated immunity. D. the inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress. E. problems with psychomotor activities. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-08 Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress 28. Studies of children exposed to noisy environments indicate that children A. eventually habituate to high levels of noise. B. who are exposed to noise exhibit performance decrements and learned helplessness. C. who are exposed to noise exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of learned helplessness. D. eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments. E. are generally more adaptive to noisy environments than other age groups. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-13 Can People Adapt to Stress? 29. Physiological habituation may not occur or may not be complete when stressors are A. family-related. B. work-related. C. short-term. D. long-term. E. low-level. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-13 Can People Adapt to Stress? 30. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with A. temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala. B. decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. C. biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period. D. frequent emotional outbursts. E. improvement in memory and concentration. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-14 Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful? 31. In Glass and Singer’s (1972) study of university students, it was found that the students exposed to _________________ performed worse on tasks given to them. A. intermittent bursts of noise B. over-crowding C. low-level light D. electric shock E. an overheated room Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-14 Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful? 32. In the study of York University students, Friedlander et al. concluded that better adjustment of students was predicted by A. increased social support from family. B. increased social support from friends. C. increased financial support. D. the university’s support system. E. individualized attention from professors. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-14 Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful? 33. The _______________ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses. A. acute stress B. induced disease C. SRRS D. hassles E. RLCQ Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-15 How has Stress Been Assessed? 34. Stress in laboratory tests may be reduced by A. low-level background noise. B. high levels of natural light. C. the presence of a supportive other person. D. a spouse. E. a minor sedative. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-15 How has Stress Been Assessed? 35. According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it A. is negative. B. threatens one’s self-concept. C. is long-term. D. requires substantial adjustment to the environment. E. requires habituation to environmental stressors. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events 36. According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), which of the following would be considered a stressful life event? A. Lack of career fulfillment. B. A significant change in job responsibilities. C. Questioning one’s identity and goals. D. Birthdays. E. Rainy days. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events 37. Research examining the effects of stressful life events has found that A. the relationship between stressful life events scores and illness is negligible. B. experiencing stressful life events was linked to cancer prognosis. C. experiencing stressful life events was linked to the development of colds following a laboratory based stress induction. D. the relationship between stressful life events scores and illness is unpredictable. E. experiencing stressful life events was linked to birth order. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events 38. Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events? A. It is uncorrelated with illness and health behaviours. B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events. C. It only counts unresolved stressful events. D. It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses. E. The research is outdated. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events 39. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events? A. Some of the items on the list are too specific. B. Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account. C. It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion. D. It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not. E. It is an outdated measure. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events 40. The occurrence of daily hassles A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. is a poorer predictors of physical health than major life events. E. reduces psychological well-being over the long term. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-18 Daily Stress 41. Daily hassles are minor life events that A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness. B. are not confounded with mental and physical illness. C. have an objective, but not subjective, component. D. don’t really affect physical health. E. don’t actually have any effect on psychological well-being. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-18 Daily Stress 42. Daily hassles affect health through A. worsening of symptoms in those already suffering from illnesses. B. their links with healthy eating. C. wearing down the individual. D. interrupted sleep habits. E. an increase in blood pressure. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-18 Daily Stress 43. Upon reaching the phone company’s office to pay his bill on the due date, Ali was upset as he had to wait in a long queue. Moreover, as it was lunch time, there were fewer than usual cashiers helping the customers. Ali’s experience is an example of ____. A. primary appraisal B. secondary appraisal C. daily stress D. daily hassle E. chronic stress Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-18 Daily Stress 44. The study of women who were pregnant and living in Quebec during the ice storm of January 1998 found that A. children who were exposed in utero to a high level of stress from the ice storm scored lower on IQ. B. at five and half years old, children exposed in utero to the ice storm showed no effects C. higher stress experienced by the mother during the ice storm was linked to poor cognitive and language development in the children at age two. D. children exposed to a higher level of stress in utero had poorer cognitive and language development at age two and scored lower on IQ and language tests at age five and a half. E. there was an increase in maternal tend-and-befriend behaviour. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-21 Long-Term Effects of Early Stressful Life Experiences 45. Ben belongs to a “risky family”, which means that _____. A. his parents do not obey traffic rules even in Ben’s presence B. he rides his bicycle on the road without wearing a helmet C. the family is low in nurturance D. the family goes to the mall often, and eats fast food there E. the family vacations at risky places, such as high mountains and rough beaches Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-21 Long-Term Effects of Early Stressful Life Experiences 46. Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of A. a stressor. B. a life event. C. daily hassles. D. chronic strain. E. post-traumatic stress disorder. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-22 Chronic Stressful Conditions 47. The stress from being bullied A. has only immediate effects on well-being. B. has long-lasting effects on well-being. C. affects only girls. D. affects only boys. E. can put individuals at risk for burnout. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-23 Bullying and Stress 48. Bauman and Newman (2013) tested the hypothesis that cyberbullying resulted in higher levels of stress than other types of traditional bullying and found A. cyberbullying was moderately more distressing than traditional types of bullying B. traditional bullying was significantly more distressing than cyberbullying C. cyberbullying was more distressing for women but traditional bullying was more distressing for men D. cyberbullying was more distressing in young women than older women E. cyberbullying was not more distressing than traditional types of bullying Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-23 Bullying and Stress 49. Workers with work overload _______________ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel more privileged B. have a higher self-esteem C. sustain less health risks D. have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease E. experience higher levels of occupational stress Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 50. “Karoshi” refers to A. sudden nocturnal death. B. death from overwork. C. stress-related mental illness. D. work overload. E. a higher level of stress on Mondays. Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 51. Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate conflicting expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of A. role ambiguity. B. role conflict. C. work pressure. D. role divergence. E. work ambiguity. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 52. The inability to develop satisfying social relationships at work has been tied to A. less stress. B. less psychological distress at work. C. less waste of time. D. both psychological stress at work and poor physical and mental health. E. more productivity. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 53. Karasek (1981) found that job strain can lead to A. depression. B. cancer. C. coronary artery disease. D. influenza. E. weight gain. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 54. A stressful work environment A. is one where demands are high and support and control are low. B. is linked to lower rates of workplace bullying. C. demands are low and support is high. D. demand and support are low. E. supervisors are too easy going. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 55. Workers who cannot participate actively in decisions about their jobs show ________. A. lower rates of absenteeism B. no job turnover C. punctuality D. work of high quality E. high rates of sabotage Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace 56. Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that A. outside employment can be beneficial for women’s well-being. B. having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress. C. having adequate child care does not have any effect on stress levels. D. it protects women from depression. E. single working mothers are five times more likely to suffer from certain cancers. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-26 Combining Work and Family Roles 57. For men, _______________ moderates the stress-illness relationship. A. a high-paying job B. a stable work-life balance C. telecommuting D. spending limited time with their children E. allowing the wife to raise children Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-26 Combining Work and Family Roles Short Answer Questions 58. Explain how stress is determined according to the “Person-Environment Fit”. Answers may vary. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 06-01 Describe and define stress. Topic: 06-03 Person-Environment Fit 59. Describe Lazarus’s model of the role of psychological appraisal in the experience of stress. Explain how this model addresses the cognitive and emotional responses to stress. Answers may vary. Blooms: Analyze Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-02 Know the theories and models used to study stress. Topic: 06-08 Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress 60. Answer the text’s question “Can people adapt to stress?” Answers may vary. Blooms: Evaluate Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-03 Understand what makes events stressful. Topic: 06-13 Can People Adapt to Stress? 61. A group of friends are discussing the different ways in which life can “get at you.” Pat says it’s the milestones in life that are most stressful, illustrating this point by describing several traumatic divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover. On the other hand, Lee asserts that it’s the little, constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health, citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping with an intrusive landlord. Evaluate both of these arguments, citing research from the text. Answers may vary. Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 06-04 Explain how stress is assessed. Topic: 06-17 Stressful Life Events Topic: 06-18 Daily Stress 62. How does workplace stress affect health? What are some of the ways to reduce occupational stress? Answers may vary. Blooms: Evaluate Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the sources of chronic stress. Topic: 06-25 Stress in the Workplace